Term
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Definition
| *Against the Brits not a Marxist (class) revolution |
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Term
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Definition
*When Washington became president on April 30th, 1789, R.I. and N.C. were not yet members of the U.S.
*In the Articles of Confederation, the states were in a "league of friendship w/ eachother but kept sovereignty freedom & independence
*Constitution bound them to remain in the U.S. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*Federalists were in favor of adopting the Constitution
*Chief Justice Marshall: views on Constitution were the Confederacy is a Congress of Ambassadors (change in nature for states' rights) |
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Term
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Definition
*the slave trade would go on until 1808
*slaves counted as 3/5 of a person in terms of both taxation and rep
*NH (140,000 free citizens) received four seats in the House of Rep
*S.Carolina (140,000 free citizens, 100,000 slaves) received six sear in the house
*The principle anti-slavery position wanted to count slaves as zero, gave south more House seats bc more slaves |
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Term
| Separation of Church and State |
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Definition
| *Although the Dec of Ind made reference to God and althought the Northwest Ordinance (1787) says we need religion, Constitution made no allusions to either God or religion being the basis of the new gov. |
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Term
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Definition
*until 1820, after the Constitution, Connecticut would still go on paying congressional ministers
*the constitution made it clear that the fed gov could not create and est of religion, nor could congress prevent anybody from freely exercising their own religious views |
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Term
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Definition
*even thought the primary motive was to bring anti-feds on board, Madison, Pres Washington, and the other Federalists did not allow the Bill of Rights to diminsh the fed pwr
*what the bill of rights did was to clarify the extent of the power of the federal goverment
*madison was unable to curtail the pwr of the state gov either |
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Term
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Definition
*modeled on the brits way of doing finance since the 1750s
*Agrarian societies didn't produce wealth; they just sustained the pop
*the bounties of the nation would attract attacking nations
*without surplus the us would be unable to raise money to defend themselves |
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Term
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Definition
*the us gov would sell gov-backed securites as a currency
*this would allow the fed gov to raise money for future wars and economic improvements |
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Term
| opposition to hamiltons plan |
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Definition
*wealthier ppl benefited from this plean, could buy securites
*NE's (ny,boston,philly) who already had a foot in investments, as opposed to even rich southerners who made money by selling their crops
*Natnl bank: centralization of pwr
*passed bc washington supported this |
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Term
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Definition
political parties were still tantamount to treason in the young republic
*Democratic-Repubs clubs and societies (Madison, Jefferson would be leaders)
*the whiskey rebellion-1794 over the excise tax; PA farmers faced down 13 k troops
*Washington wanted to make a point, which he did. |
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Term
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Definition
*Federalists: wealthy, pro-Brits, monarchy, finance, speculators
*Republicans: French, radical, southerners, slave-owners, urban artisans, ppl who were on the outside of the financing system |
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Term
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Definition
*john jay, chief justice of supreme court was sent to negotiate a treaty with the british. clearing up on resolved matters
*Southerners wanted their slaves back from the British, Jay does not achieve this
*jay was pro-british and the treaty reflected that the us remained independent but didnt get too much more than that |
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Term
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Definition
*The ascendancy of the republicans
*1798-1801: freedom of speech is taken away |
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Term
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Definition
*Map on 231- brings in OH, KY, TN, from hold of Spain and Native Americans, respectively
*Farewell Address (no foreign entanglements)
*set custom (although not in constitution until after WWII) for a pres only serving two terms- would be followed until FDR (1933-45) |
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Term
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Definition
*Adams won by three electoral votes
*Jefferson became VP (those were the rules back then) |
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Term
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Definition
*XYZ affair: The French wanted bribes for American diplomats before further talks
*For Federalists, national honor at stake
*in the context, Federalist Congress passed the alien acts (against immigrants who were voting Republican) and Sedition Acts (no speaking out against President of Congress)
*Jefferson called this the "reign of witches" |
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Term
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Definition
*"the Kentucky and VA resolutions" written by Jefferson and Madison
*Nullification: the states had the right to challenge the constitutionality of a law passed by the congress (this would later be replaced by judicial review of all laws done by the supreme court)
*not successful but jeffersons election and the expiration of the laws in 1801 would change things; as pres, Jefferson restored the charged Republcan editor |
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Term
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Definition
*Gabriel was a blacksmith slave in Richmond
*1000men= slaves,free blacks, and artisan whites
*march on Richmond, taking Gov Monroe hostage and seizing weapons
*august 30th: a day before the plan was to be put into action, two slaves told their masters
*26 slaves (Gabriel too) were hung
*Feds pinned this on Republican rhetoric |
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Term
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Definition
*electorals in the electoral college could vote separately for president and vice-pres
*up until 1804, when the 12th amendment is ratified electorals could only choose one person, thus creating confusion in voting
*the founders had not expected straight party-line votes for president and v.p. |
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Term
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Definition
*pres monroes tenure(1817-1825)
*one political: the democratic repubs; the same party that had opposed the Federalists since the 1790s is now the only political party
**monroes victory in 1820 mirrored washingtons electoral victory, just only elector voted against Monroe, prob to make Washington's unanimous election special |
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Term
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Definition
*1823- John Quincy Adams was the son of John Adam, 2nd president
*adams was very natinalisitc
*adams was monroe's S.O.S and had negotiated the treaties w G.B. and spain
*In 1823, G.B. proposed to ussue a joint statement with the u.s. that neither country would interfere in the affairs of the newly independent Latin American countries. |
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Term
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Definition
*john quincy adams, wanted to intervene in some of those countries affairs, namely Cuba
*Thus, president Monroe declined a joint statement and issued a unilateral statement that no Europeand country was to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
*IN (1816), MS (1817), IL (1818), AL (1819
*B.U.S= the 2nd bank of the U.S.
*private bank, but initially financed and ultimately backed by the us gov
*"internal improvements"-financed by the second bank's loans: rds and canals
*very high tariff to protect "infant ind
*john c calhoun of SC; henry Clay of KY |
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Term
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Definition
*manufacturing
*philly saw very quick the growth in manufacturing at the beginning of the 19th century (same thing occured in Boston, NYC, and Baltimore)
*guns, printing, shoes, clothing
*artisan system(master/apprentice) to wage-Earners, who would form unions |
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Term
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Definition
*1819- A john marshall decision, Hamiltonian
*MD had taxed the Baltimore branch of the second BUS; the tax was meant to stifle the operations of the BUS
*The BUS was constitutional and no state could deny that |
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Term
| The long term causes of the panic of 1819 |
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Definition
*the war of 1812 caused long-term economic probs
*Brits manufactured goods flooded the US hurting NOrthern manufacturers; the tariff did not help in 1819.
*for two years (1816-1818) US crops (cotton, tobacco) went sky high in terms of prices
*but in 1818 when europeans agriculture started to rebound, cotton went down
*all those who had invested in the bubble lost money and land
*less currency because of turmoil in Latin America: gold and silver
*state banks had also been chartered alongside the BUS
*the bus (w/ some corruption as well) made credit to easy to obtain; then tightened it too much |
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Term
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Definition
*it would break the unity of the Republican movement, leading the way to a more "democratic" party
*in 1820, Philly=3/4 workers had no work
*jefferson had trouble paying his monticello |
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Term
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Definition
*Federalists had had no economic gain in slavery, but generally supported the idea of private property
*Northern republicans formed the core of anti-slavery
*slave trade ended in 1808
*some virginians (jefferson) saw slavery as an evil that would pass away
*the direction of the Caribbean and Lating American plantation systems accelerated the demand for sugar and cotton
*the LA purchase fashined great land for platation slavery on which to expand
*Whitney's cotton gin doubled production of cotton in the south
*the deep south now advocated slavery as a good thing |
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Term
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Definition
*the balance between Free and slave was precarious since IL (admitted in 1818) had two pro-slavery senators and rigid regulations for free blacks, as part of a compromise to bad slavery in IL
*MO was the first state entirely west of the MS river, southerners feared that 10,000 slaves in MO would be lost and that a bad precedent for all the trans MS lands would be set |
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Term
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Definition
*northern anti-slavery Republicans argued that individual rights (following Thomas Jefferson) were more important than states rights (MO): slavery did not fit in a republic
*they argued that the founding fathers had allowed for slavery as a local thing, but not as a national trend
*southerners realized how dangerous these arguments were for slavery |
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Term
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Definition
*MO would be added as a slave state, along with Maine
*Congress could regulate slavery west of the MS and end it north of the 36 degree 31' line
*jefferson said about this crisis
*the compromise would last for thirty years but would not resolve the fundamental sectional differences |
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Term
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Definition
*the time period between the Revolution and the war of 1812 saw the greatest number of blacks freed from slavery at any point in US history
*but although the number of free blacks had grown by the 1820s more and more restrictions would be placed upon them in the south and in the north
*free blacks threatened w slavery |
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Term
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Definition
*brought to charleston in 1783; won a lottery in 1799 ($1500) and was able to buy his own freedom but not his families
*Capenter with his own shop; leader of free black community in Charleston
*summer of 1822, vesey and Gullah Jack; an alleged co-conspirator, were hanged on the accusations that they had planned the largest slave insurrection ever
*Charleston was aghast, especially since the white slave oweners had considered themselves to be benevolent, not cruel towards their slaves
*evidence is scant, but apparently thousands of slaves had been recruited for the insurrection, w plans to wipe out the white make pop. and rape all white women b4 escaping to Haiti |
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Term
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Definition
*andrew jackson (TN) came in 1st place in a four-way race, both in the popular and in the electoral vote, but he did not have a majority of the electoral college
*Henry Clay, from KY, gave a number of his electoral votes to John Q Adams from NE (MA) and put him over the top
*the deal was that Clay would become the secretary of state; Jackson attended the inauguration but voted against Clay's nomnation to sec of state in the senate
*John Calhoun of SC was vice-president, but offended at the Adams- Clay Bargain |
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Term
| Andrew Jackson and the 2nd party system |
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Definition
*even before 1828 and the beginning of the second party system, Jackson had almost won an election in 1824
*Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) was a NY politician whose support of Jackson helped unify Northern and Southern support of Jackson
*jackson's new condition and, then party, would be known as the democrats
*those who opposed Jackson would congeal into the Whig party in 1836 |
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Term
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Definition
*already during the Adams admin (1825) the state of GA under Gov Troup had started removing the Cherokee from northern GA and adams stood by and did nothing; the Cherokee had started providing economic competition
*in 1829, with the discovery of gold on Cherokee lands, their removal was accelerated and also was supported by then pres jackson
*southerners assumed that jackson shared their views on states' rights, but he shared mostly their views on Indian Removal |
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Term
Cherokee Nation v GA
and Worcester v GA |
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Definition
*1831- decided that states didnt have power over native american; only the fed gov had that power
*native americans were only "domestic dependent nations" and treaties with them could be broken much more easily than w "real" nations
*jackson wasnt going to stop GA
*under Van Buren, the rail of tears would begin in 1838 as over ten thousand native americans were driven to OK |
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Term
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Definition
*one example of how Jackson wanted to promote more democracy was his system of rotation
*wanted to take away ppl entrenched in pwr positions
*led to numerous scandals but he did change the way the gov was run
*during this time, male suffrage is also broadening |
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Term
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Definition
*in 1828, Van Buren pushed through a tariff that hurt new england but helped the mid-atlantic and wester states; new englanders and pres adams went along with the tariff; better bad protection than no protection
*Southerners felt betrayed by this Jacksonian ally;
*VP john calhoun on SC started writing against the tariff |
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Term
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Definition
*although he had been a nationalist like clay, calhoun started to see that a large sectional majority could dominate a smaller sectional minority
*he proposed nullification: if a state did not like a law, it could choose to nullify in within its state borders |
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Term
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Definition
*SC nullified the tariff
*Jackson ordered troops in Charleston to be prepared for war, his belief in states rights was limited
*at the last moment, clay, calhoun, and daniel webster put together the force bill, arriving at a compromise
*major victory for jackson |
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Term
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Definition
(Bank of US)
*Jackson did not renew the charter of the BUS
*he wrote of the BUS, they did what they did for their own interest
*he believed it was undemocratic, since it was not directly controlled by ppl
*jackson was also against internal improvements |
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Term
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Definition
*daniel webster- Sen from Mass; one of the first whigs
*noah webster- from the Revolutionary generation, the dictionary bears his name |
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Term
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Definition
*the deposits from the BUS went into state banks
*less regulation meant a more volatile market
*although jackson had wanted to curb the ups and downs of capitalism, his refusal to renew the charter of the bank contributed to this
*the economy would be rebound by 1841 and talk about the Bank would end |
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Term
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Definition
*Sabbatarianism
*abolitionism
*temperance
*anti-masonry
*internal improvement (Henry Clay)
*william henry harrison, a whig, won the 1840 election; he picked john tyler, a conservative dem as VP |
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Term
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Definition
*loose control by Mexican goverment until Santa Anna.
*Largely Anglo population; led by Sam Houston
*first became independent republic (the Alamo)
*houston asked president jackson (1836) to be annexed; jackson was a smart politician and ducked the question but recognized Texas on his last day in office |
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Term
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Definition
*van buren had no pwr and did not even touch the issue
*pres. polk almost pushed through the ratification (senate approval) of the annexation treaty with texas (making it a part of the US in 1844 but calhoun, his VP, sent out a letter explaining how great this was for the advancement of slavery; opposition from the north stopped this from occuring
*why would northerners want expansionism? trade, land- they just did not want slavery to expand |
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Term
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Definition
*1844 election: the whigs nominated Henry Clay but the addition of the very protestant Frelinghuysen gave NY to the Democrats
*Clay (KY) went back and forth on expansionism, creating the renegade anti-slavery liberty party, leaving the whigs
*James K Polk (TN), the democratic nominee and the winner of the 1844 election was an old Jacksonian Democrat and very strong expansionist
*after the election, president tyler was able to push through the annexation treaty and pres. polk signed Texas into the Union as a slave state. |
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Term
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Definition
*Polk pushed for war with Mexico
*Congress approved war on May 13th, 1846
*Congress also approved the Wilmut Proviso
*the war was not only about TX but also ab Cali
*Feb 2, 1848: the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: (rio grande border, ca and nm, $15 for that territory, Mexico's debts would be erased) |
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Term
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Definition
*Mostly Brit fur traders until the 1840s
*President Polk bluffed war with Great Britain in order to end the joint occupation and gain all of that territory
*Great Britain, realizing that it had better economic chances and that the US was in a better position to use the Oregon Territory, gave into Pres Polk
*Also, this balanced out Texas.. |
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Term
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Definition
*Mostly Brit fur traders until the 1840s
*President Polk bluffed war with Great Britain in order to end the joint occupation and gain all of that territory
*Great Britain, realizing that it had better economic chances and that the US was in a better position to use the Oregon Territory, gave into Pres Polk
*Also, this balanced out Texas.. |
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Term
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Definition
*CA applied for statehood in 1849
*The compromise of 1850 was done by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and Stephen Douglas, and Northern Democrat from IL
*CA was to be a free state as they had asked
*New MExico and Utah would be resolved with popular sovereigny
*The south realized it would lose out because the southwest was not "slavery land"; they had to |
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Term
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Definition
*as far as the 1850 Compromise, the Fugitive Slave Act
*In 1793, fugitive slaves were already condemned to being sent back to their owners
*the 1850 law was different to that it denied runaway slaves a trial by jury or the power to testify for themselves
*if you helped a slave, the penalties became harsher
*Northern states tried to stand in the way of this law, but federal marshals wre compelled to enforce this law
*propelled the growth and use of the underground railroad and generally animated the abolitionists and anti-slavery movement |
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Term
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Definition
*1854
*Stephan Douglas
*Popular Sovereignty applied to Kansas and Nebraska; in order to do this, the Southerners and Democrats had to break the MO compromise rule of no slavery north of the 36'30 line
*This was not going to turn out well |
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Term
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Definition
*There was no one major thing that led to the Civil War, if anything it was John Brown's Raid
*It took place Oc. 16th, 1858
*A raid on a federal arsenal at Harper's ferry, VA: was not planned well and did not lead to a necessary slave uprising
*John Brown executed
*Southerners aghast that some Northerners celebrated John Brown |
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Term
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Definition
*1858
*Great debate between Lincoln and Douglas
*Lincoln already started showing great oratory and political promise
*IL was pretty much a racist free soil state
*Douglas made Lincoln out to be an abolitionist |
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Term
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Definition
*Tariffs benefited states with a high manufacturing base, like PA
*Intercontinental railroad made midwestern states happy because they would become, literally, the center of attention: Chicago |
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Term
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Definition
*constitution party: ignored the reality that the compromises of 1820-50 were no longer a possibility
*The democrats split into two regional parties, mirroring the splits of religious denominations as well
*It was a foregone conclusion that Lincoln would win
*Lincoln won by 40% of the vote but by winning the entire North, w more population, he took 180 electoral votes, enough to become president
*One compromise Lincoln was unwilling to make was to extend the MO compromise line to the pacific: note how southerners only wanted this after their experiment in KS had failed |
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Term
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Definition
*honest Abe, rags to riches- he was an astute politician
*A very good administrator
*Grew warmer to blacks during the Civil War, but in 1860 he was a good enough politician to convince all in the Republican Party that he was their man |
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Term
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Definition
*South Carolina (DEC 1860) had done it before, pres lincoln was betting that the south was bluffing
*April 12, 1861- the confederate states of American (formed in Feb with Jeff Davis as President) attacked Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC
*April 15, 1861- Lincoln asked for state militias to take Fort Sumter back
*Lincoln's decision to fight the Confederates pushed the four more Southern sttes to secede, brining the total to eleven
*Lincoln arrested MD secessionists leaders so MD could not secede.
*West Virginia (1863): broke off from VA |
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Term
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Definition
*The Confeds underestimated the North, even as they were trying to build up a new country and simultaneously fight a war
*1862: Legal Tender Act (Greenbacks)
*1863: Enrollment Act (south start draft a year early) |
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Term
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Definition
*The Confeds underestimated the North, even as they were trying to build up a new country and simultaneously fight a war
*1862: Legal Tender Act (Greenbacks)
*1863: Enrollment Act (south start draft a year early) |
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Term
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Definition
*the confeds won the first battle of Bull Run july 21, 1861
*the second battle of bull run on august 29th, 1862 was also a Confederate victory
*with these two battles, the union had failed to take Richmond in Southern VA, and Lee was now pushing into MD
*Antietam: Sept 17, 1862: bloddiest day of the civil war: north pushed Lee back into VA |
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Term
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Definition
*PA: as late as June 1863, Lee was able to attack into the North
*July 1-3: biggest battle of Civil War
*28K Confeds died and 23K Union soldiers died
*major victory for the north and a turning point in the Civil War |
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Term
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Definition
*A whole different was had been going on in the Deep South, largely successful for the north
*In late1863, Union troops, led by Grant, were fighting to hold on to Chattanooga, which they did
*Due to his performance at Chattanooga, by mid-1864, Grant was promoted to head the Union forces, leaving Sherman in charge in the SE |
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Term
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Definition
| *started in May of 1864, took Atlanta Sept 1st and by November, Sherman had taken Savannah, leaving a trail of destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| *Grant was able to take Richmond April 2nd, 1865 and on April 9th, Lee surrendered to Grant after an all out pursuit by the Union Army |
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Term
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Definition
*The south barely had a navy, with the help of the Brits, but the blockade of the North also crippled the south
*360K Union men died to ab 260K Confederate men
*General Lee was perhaps the best general in the war, while Lincoln was certainly the better civilian leader |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
*January 1st, 1863: slaves in the Confed. states were free
*Lincoln did not have the power to enforce that proclamation in 1863.
*But it was both a threat and a promise to white southerners ab what was to come
*the fate and plight of blacks would not be in Lincoln's hand anyhow.. |
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Term
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Definition
| the specified purpose for seeing the object being considered.. IE lemons by color to determine maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| is the enivorment in which the object being considered is positioned IE inspection of assy's on a conveyor |
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Term
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Definition
| is the composite of lighting, position of the object and the background |
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Term
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Definition
| the mgmt of optics, lighting, and object presentation (position and orientation) that will result in the best attainable digitized image on a displayed monitor |
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Term
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Definition
| 80-20 Rule: the vital few (optics and lighting) have a greater impact than the trivial many (a complete machine vision with all of its hardware and software). Pretty much proper optics and lighting are 80% of the successful solution |
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Term
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Definition
| is composed of a convex lens and diaphram |
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Term
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Definition
| designed for use in air, is made of a transparent material such as glass with two polished surfaces that are both curved. A convex lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges. |
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Term
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Definition
| When incident parallel light rays enter one surface, travels through the glass and exits the other side and is converged to a point |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest chord of the curved surface where the light rays exit |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance from the principle axis of the lens to the principle focus point |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| reduces the object's image size-- the length that allows you to see the whole room |
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Term
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Definition
| will enlarge the object's image (magnifies) |
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Term
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Definition
| a disk having a fixed or variable opening that restricts the amount of light passing through a lens. sometimes an aperture |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of focal length to the effective aperture diamter |
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Term
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Definition
| to develop the diaphrams scale |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of focal length stops that define lens aperture settings calibrated to the corresponding f-number |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the largest aperture diameter possible, allowing the greatest amount of light through the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| represents that smallest aperture diamter, allowing the smallest amount of light through the lens |
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Term
| how are lenses usually defined |
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Definition
| by their focal length and their smallest f-stop value |
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Term
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Definition
| is the equivalent to the human eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance from the lens to an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| the nearest and furthest distance where the object remains in focus |
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Term
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Definition
| the area viewed by the lens at the focused distance |
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Term
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Definition
| the best field of view for an application determined from the size of the smallest detail of interest that can be detected |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of image distance to focus distance |
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Term
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Definition
| tan(x) = the height of the field/the focusing distance |
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Term
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Definition
*increase the image distance
*place btwn the lens and the image plane of the sensor
*will magnify the image at the cost of reducing the field of view and field angle |
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Term
| negative focal length lens |
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Definition
| reduces the size of the FOV while maintaining the original focusing distance |
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Term
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Definition
| used to determine which lens size and focal length best describes the object |
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Term
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Definition
| optical system that allows only parallel light rays to pass to the imager and essentially senses an object at infinity |
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Term
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Definition
| object distance does not effect image size and the depth of the field is very large |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| magnification increases as the image gets farther from the center of the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| magnification decreases as it gets farther from the center of the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| an image formed by a lens that is fringed whether red or blue |
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Term
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Definition
| completely eliminates the effect of chromatic aberration by making the red and blue images coincide through the use of crown and flint glass |
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Term
| most common type of lens mounting |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a threaded mount with a one inch outside diameter and 32 threads per inch pitch |
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Term
| true or false: a white object placed on a black background seems to be larger than a black object on a white background |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| it is a referenced location that is elected so that spacial features can be verified within the object |
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Term
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Definition
| determines the type and placement of the light source |
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Term
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Definition
| they do NOT see an object, they see the reaction of an object to incident light |
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Term
| front lighting and backlighting |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| an electromagnetic energy which can be described by the frequency of the oscillating electric field |
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Term
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Definition
| the reciprocal of the frequency of the field |
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Term
| visible light to the human eye |
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Definition
| is the wavelength from 390 nm to 770 nm |
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| smallest to largest: cosmic, gamma, xray, ultraviolet light, visible light, infared light, microwave, radiowave, and long electrical oscillations |
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*originates from a small point and can illuminate an object from a single direction
*it causes reflections and has very strong shadows
ex: incandescent light, floor or spotlights |
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| an electric lamp in which a tungsten fillament is heated in a vacuum by an electric current which emits visible light |
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| similar to incandescent lamp BUT contains a small amount of halogen gas (generally iodine) surrounding the tungsten fillament instead of a vacuum |
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originates from an array of many point sources uniformly distributed on a mounting plane
*little or no reflections and no shadows
*the preferred light source for most MV applications |
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| an electric lamp that produces visible light using a glass tube whos inner wall is coated with a special phosophor that flouresces when bombarded with secondary radiation generated by gasous discharge within the tube |
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| LEDs (light emitting diodes) |
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can emit yellow green blue red and infared wavelengths
advantages: low energy required and can be pulsed at a very fast rate |
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monochromatic sources who's beam can be focused to a very small area with enormous energy density
*the beam of a laser is immune to ambient light |
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| the light source and the lens are on the same side of the object |
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| light source and lens are on opposite sides of the object |
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| light generated from sources other than the primary light source and must be treated as unwanted |
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| front diffuse illumination |
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| used for general top lighting and works best with most MV apps |
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| advantages/disadvantages of front diffuse illumination |
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adv: soft, fairly non-directional light which is shadow free, glare is reduced, relatively easy to install
disadv: low contrast with mono color objects, edges do not appear as sharp |
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| used for non directional, totally diffused top lighting. eliminates all glares and shadows (uniform illumination) same adv. of front diffuse. disadv: costly |
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| directional front illumination |
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| very good at casting shadows and highlighting texture. its coming from the side so the reflectance doesn't reflect into the lens |
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| highlights surface protrusions on flat objects |
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| similar to low angle illumination but at a greater angle that will highlight surface protrusions and defects |
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| converts natural light by selectively absorbing light rays in one direction by passing them perpindicular to a polarizing medium -- made from stretched plastic |
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| scatters lighting from a variety of directions |
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| divides one beam of light into two or more separate beams |
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| four techniques of front lighting |
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| polarized front illumination, coaxial lighting, structured lighting, and strobed illumination |
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| requires a polarizer between the point light source and the object and a cross polarizer between the lens and the object to eliminate glare from a highly reflective surface BUT it reduces the amount of light going through the lens significantly |
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| requires a diffuser between a point light source and 50/50 beam splitter that directs the light rays along the same route as the lens viewing direction |
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| uses focusing optics with a point light source to develop a plane of light to show 3D information in a 2D FOV |
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| uses a high intensity light source that can be pulsed for a short time duration. |
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| three back lighting techniques |
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| diffused back lighting, polarized backlighting, collimated |
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| a diffusing material between the light source and the object that creates a silhouette |
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| a point light source transmits light through a diffusing material and polarizer below then through a transluscent object then through a cross polarizer into the lens |
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| uses a point light source and a collimating lens between the light source and the object to make light rays psuedo parallel. sharp edges for accurate gauging |
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| adequate light in an enclosure |
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| ambient lighting in an open area |
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| 3 to 4 times the wattage (40 to 100 watts) |
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| is hue saturation and brightness |
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| is proportional to the wavelength of the visible light |
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| the measure of the lack of whiteness in the color |
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| measure of intensity of light |
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| it absorbs the color before entering the lens, brightening and darkening other colors |
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| transmits light only within a defined spectral range |
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| transmits light only above a specific wavelength or below a specific wavelength |
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