• 1882 -Chinese Exclusion Act (limits number of Chinese Immigrants
  • laws passed to exclude persons "likely to become a public charge" and convicted of  political offenses
  • places head tax on each immigrant
• 1885 - banned contract laborers
• 1888 - Law allows US to kick out aliens
• 1903 - rules to become citizen adopted
• 1906- Mst speak English
• 1907 - increased head tax, no sick people, kids w/o parents, limits number of Japanese immigrants
• 1921 - first immigration law to set quotas

• Competition of jobs
• prejudice
• nativism- against Irish Roman Catholics ( 1860's 1880s)
• Anti- Geran - late 1800's
• Anti Asian (Chinese and Japanese)

• total restructuring of the South to provide economic and political equality to Blacks
• Punish the South for the war
• Presidential Reconstruction - void seccession and take oath of loyalty, abolish slavery, and pass 13 th Amendment, pardoned Southerns who took oath

• Passed Reconstruction Act of 1867
  • put South under Military Rule
  • hold elections to hace new state constitutions
  • temporarily stopped Southerns who had supported confederacy from voting
  • all states had to give equal rights to all citizens
  • must ratify 14th Amendment
• tried to impeach Johnson over the firing of Stanton ( said Pres. violated Tenure of Office Act) Led by Thaddeus Stevens

• Goals of Knights-
  • organize all working men and women (skilled and unskilled ) into one union
  • equal pay for equal work
  • 8 hour day
  • end of child labor
  • didn't want to use strike as tool
• AFL
  • only skilled workers into network of smaller unions (Women and blacks not welcome)
  • focus on wages, working conditions, hours
  • Used collective bargaining as main tool

•  means allowing industry to be free of government restriction, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies

• the idea that some groups of people were less "fit" then other and therefore were not entitiled to same rights, wages, etc..
• Most fit people would find their way to top of economic ladder
• used by big business to justify paying low wages, etc...

• polictical machines exchanged favors to establish power and money
• poor supported them because they would help them find jobs, etc.
• machines felt the money they made from graft and corruption was part of the price of doing business

• create a more responsive government (initiative, reform, recall)
• limit power of big business and formation of monopolies
• allow labor to organize to get better working conditions, salary, hours
• more economic and political rights for women
• reform of city government
• protect children and women, mentally handicapped(Child labor laws)
• nationalize railroads, banks and utilities
• protect people from unsafe food and drugs

1. Having government take over and run the railroads.

2. Increasing the money supply.

3. Electing the U.S. Senators directly.

4. Enacting a graduated income tax.

5. Use of Silver & gold as standard for money

6. federal loans to farmers

7. prohibition of immigration land ownership

8. restiction of federal troops to break up strikes

9. single 6-year term for presidents

10. use of secret ballot

11. direct primaries

• War Trade Board - regulated which countries we could trade with
• War Labor Board - govt. settled labor problems
• Lever Food and Fuel Control Act - allowed govt.  to manage production and distribution of food
• Passage of the Espionage and Sedition Acts

Why did some people support the New Deal?

• provided hope for people who lost everything
• at least government was doing something -even if it didn't work
• tried to create jobs and stimulate economy

• Women - NRA permitted lower wages for women and job prefereneces were given to men (head of families
• African Americans - reinforced racial segregration and they were not given any skilled labor jobs = poor pay
• Rich - thought it pushed socialism and since it taxed wealthy they didn't like it
• American Liberty League - New Deal limits individual freedom and is unconstitutional
• Said Roosevelt tried to "pack the court" by trying to increase the number of Supreme Court Judges

• Upton Sinclair - Wrote THE JUNGLE about horrors of meat packing industry - Lead to Pure Food and Drug Act
• Lincoln Steffens- Shame of the Cities - brought about laws and reform in city government like the city commission form of govt.
• Ida Tarbel - wrote "Rise of Standard Oil " - brought about Sherman and Clayton Anti-Trust Acts

• 1.             Low prices for agricultural products

  2.             Low wages for workers

  3.             Unequally distributed wealth

  4.             Protective tariffs

  5.             European nations defaulted on debts and withdrew investments in the United States.

  6.             Unregulated stock speculation

  7.             Bank failures

• 19th Amendment gives women right to vote
• Progressives - women were instrumental in bringing about changes
• Progressives - better working hours and wages for women
• WWI - women able to work outside home in factories to make supplies (better wages and work)
• Flapper image - more freedom away from homes

• 1905 - formation of Niagra Movement (calls for immediate equality)
• 1906 formation of NAACP
• 1914 - Marcus Garvey starts Universal Negro Improvement Association
• 1920's Harlem Renaissance
• Beuthane forms first college for African Americans

• Homestead Act - 1862- 160 acres of free public land
• Morrill Land Grant Act - 1862 gives Western lands to states to sell to get money to fund agricultural colleges

• Roosevelt
  • Square Deal
  • Use arbitration to solve United Mine Workers Strike
  • Passed the Hepburn and Interstate Commerce Acts to protect against unfair shipping rates
  • Passed Pure Food and Drug Act
  • Enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act against Northern Securites ( and 43 other monopolies
  • Set up National Parks System
  • Ratified 16th and 17th Amendments ( income tax)
• Wilson
  • Federal REserve System and lowered Tariff
  • Clayton Antitrust Act - and Federal TRade Commision
  • Federal Farm Loan Board

• many rr companies given free public land to use in construction of rr
• companies got bid for building of rr through favoritism and as part of political favors
• Same rr charged govt. for construction and made fortune
• smaller companies that didnt' get free land couldn't compete
• big companies offered discounts to big shippers (also political favors)
• use intimidation and corruption to put smaller rr out of business

Stabilized the economy by

• each regional reserve bank allowed member banks to borrow money to  meet short term demands.  This helped prevent bank failures and economic panics.
• This reduce large spread job loss

• Munn v. Illinois- Supreme Court Case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders ( includes rr- but rr cross state lines)
• Interstate Commerce Act 1887 - rates be set according to distance travelled and that they need to be public, No more special rates for powerful customers. Set up Interstate Commerce Commission (not really successful)

• Initiative, referendum and recall
• Direct election of senators
• direct primaries
• city commisioner form of govt. for cities
• Women get right to vote
• Prohibition

• 1886 Haymarket Strike -  want 8 hour day govt. uses police to stop rioting and bombing
• 1892 Homestead - try to cut workers wages - strike and govt. stays out of it
• 1894 - Pullman Strike - govt. said strike interfered with mail and got courts to order end of strike. Pres.  Cleveland sent in Fed. troops to  ensure union followed court order
• United Mine Workers 1902 -Roosevelt orders arbitration and workers get pay raise and reduced hours
• Boston Police Strike - said public employees weren't allowed to strike
• United Mine Workers - 1919 - said that non strike agreement ended with end of war - govt. said no and courts ordered workers back on job.  Union cancelled strike but did get raise

• 16th Amendment -establishes income tax
• 17th Amendment -Direct Election of Senators
• 18th Amendment - Prohibition
• 19th Amendment - women's right to vote

• growth of industry in Europe created increased need for natural resources and manufacturing in US required new markets(Alaska and Japan)
• Feelings of nationalism (one country gets land, another takes nearby land to prevent expansion and power
• Military superiority let them take over (Mahan and need for navy to protect American interests)
• wanted to spread culture/religions
• Needed islands for refueling stations

America wanted an "Open Door " policy with China

• no other countries were allowed to set up colonies in China
• Equal treatment for all foreign countries.  Trade was open to everyone

• wanted return to normalcy
• isolationism prefered (protective tariff  & Kellog- Briand Pact [15 nations won't use threat of war when dealling with each other]
• social stability= economic growth
• smaller government and laisse faire
• limiting immigration
• favored business

• nations would join together to ensure peace and security for all
• attack on one member = attack on all
• no military power to league
• had 14 points
• freedom of seas
• equal trade for all
• re-doing colonial territories
•  returning land to original boundaries and free Poland

• price of wheat and cotton drop dramtically from war time prices
• farmers cn't repay loans on land and equipment bought when prices were high
• Rural banks go out of business as farmers fail to repay loans
• Farmers begin losing their land
• Dust Bowl due to overfarming and dry weather

• US doesn't want more territory
• US will intervene to keep peace and stop any governments from acting in ways that are harmful to US
• prevent foreign countries from gaining any kind of power in any of your neighboring countries (South and Central America)
• Act as international police
• addition to Monroe Doctrine which told European nations to stay our of our half of the world.

• Santa Domingo -Govt. went bankrupt and European nations wanted to step in.  US Govt. took over countries finances and US bankers repaid debt
• Cuba
• Nicaragua
• Haiti
• Domincan Republic