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Definition
Who: Jimmy Carter, Sadat, and Begin
What: Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt.
When: signed in 1978
Where: Camp David, Maryland
Why: Israel gave back Sinai and Egypt gave Israel “Diplomatic Recognition.” Sadat became hated in Arab world and was assassinated as a result |
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Term
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Definition
Who: became chairman of the “People’s Republic of China”
What: Formed Marxist Communist Party in 1921. After defeating Chiang Kai-Shek, proclaimed the “People’s Republic of China” in 1949. In 1958 put “The Great Leap Forward” into practice as a response to China’s slow progress.
When: Became Chairman in 1949, died in 1946
Where: China
Why: Established the communist party, his great leap forward resulted in the death of 16 million people and the economy didn’t progress. |
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Term
| Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution |
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Definition
Who: Led by Mao and the People’s Republic of China; Red Guards
What: Struggle for power to get rid of the 4 olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits.
When: 1966-1968 (lingered until 1976)
Where: China
Why: the revolution resorted in violence in destroying anything that was linked to the West of USSR. Essentially caused 20 million deaths and was known as the 10-year disaster. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Mao and the People’s Republic of China
What: Program enacted by Mao that turned out to be a great leap backward. In an attempt to in an attempt to strengthen the country and economy he drove his people to exhaustion and eventually famine in 1960. Living standards declined and nearly 16 million people had died as a direct result of this.
When: 1958
Where: China
Why: Proved Mao’s communist economic policies didn’t work, resulted in the death of 16 million people. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Jews
What: Movement to create a homeland for the Jews. The land they sought was in Palestine and they began to raise money and purchase land in Palestine.
When: Grew rapidly following the Holocaust (1930s-creation of Israel in 1948)
Where: Began in Europe but moved to Palestine
Why: It created a homeland for the Jews in the region that they inhabited in biblical times, their holy land. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Israel vs. Palestine
What: First war following the declaration of the establishment of Israel. All of the surrounding areas supported Palestine such as Egypt, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia; however the US and USSR supported Israel.
When: 1948-1949
Where: Palestine/Israel
Why: Israel won over 80% of Palestine and half of Jerusalem. The Arabs had the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Israel began its own government. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Great Britain, France, Israel/ Egypt (Nasser)
What: Attempt to overthrow Nasser and regain control of the Suez Canal. The US refused to support the mission and threatened to take military action against Great Britain, France and Israel if they did not cease their operations, which they did.
When: 1949-1956
Where: Sinai Peninsula
Why: Nasser maintained canal of the Suez Canal; because the US did not get involved the USSR did. Also known as the “Suez Crisis.” |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Arab nationalist and leader of Egypt who wanted Arabs to have control of Palestine.
What: 3 things: seized the Suez Canal owned by Britain, sponsored guerilla raids from Egyptians and Palestinians, and gave arms support to the rebel movement in France’s colony of Algeria, the National Liberation Front. Image was tarnished following the 6-Day War.
When: Ruled from 1964-1970
Where: Egypt
Why: Gained popularity because he stood up to the West in the second Arab-Israeli War. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Group Arab nationalists made after combining Arafat’s Palestinian National Liberation Organization and Nasser’s Palestinian Liberation Organization.
What: Operated out of the Gaza strip and viewed as terrorists by the Israelis and Freedom Fighters by the Palestinians.
When: Started in 1964
Where: Operated out of the Gaza Strip and carried out attacks in Israel
Why: Began of Freedom Fighter movement, promoted self-determination and the destruction of Israel. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Israelis against the Egyptian Air Force and Syria
What: Preemptive attack by Israel: Bombed Egyptian air force after Nasser expelled UN Peacekeeping forces from the Sinai Peninsula.
When: June 5, 1967
Where: Egypt, Syria, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Jerusalem
Why: Afterwards, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. Resulted in Israel tripling in size. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: UN Resolution
What: Claimed that in order for peace in ME there must be three things: Israel had to give back the land it seized in the 6-Day War, Arab states had to respect and acknowledge Israel, and there needed to be a just settlement for the refugee problem.
When: November 22, 1967
Where: ME
Why: Introduced the idea of land in exchange for peace which has been used ever since. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Nasser’s successor as leader of Egypt.
What: Increased tensions with Israel to a point where the US and USSR intervened in fear of a WWIII. Launched an attack into the Sinai on Yom Kippur in 1973, taking Israel by surprise.
When: became leader in 1972 and was assassinated in 1989 by Moslim Brotherhood
Where: Egypt
Why: First time an Arab country drew with Israel. Signed the Camp David Accord Peace Treaty with Begin, became hated in Arab world and was assassinated as a result. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, UK, US, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Iceland (originally)
What: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
When: April of 1949
Where: Signed in Washington DC
Why: Purpose was to combat USSR and communism in Europe. An attack on one meant an attack on all. Currently has 26 member-states. If you are a member of NATO that means you can behave relatively well and be trusted with weapons. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Economic genius put in charge of restoring the French economy following WWII.
What: started “Le Plan” which combined the Marshall Plan remaining coal-producing German areas and redirect the production away from German industry and into French industry instead.
When: 1946
Where: France
Why: Raised the French economy considerably above its pre-war levels. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: French military leader during WWII. Became President in 1958
What: Fixed the government and created a new constitution (The Fifth Republic-still used today). Resolved the Algerian uprisings
When: President from 1958-69
Where: France
Why: Other than creating a constitution, he obtained nuclear weapons, promoted nationalism over political ideology, formed a bong between France and W. Germany. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy
What: Created the European Economic Community
When: signed in 1957
Where: Rome
Why: Created a common market for these six countries. The idea is that it would eventually remove all tariff barriers while retaining high tariffs with the outside |
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Term
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Definition
Who: 27 member-states
What: Signed in Holland in 1992. Called the Maastricht Treaty.
When: 1992
Where: Holland
Why: Second great treay after the Treaty of Rome. Created a common currency known as the Euro, and made all trade free. Agree that all member states had to have a certain set of social policies, the most famous of which is that there can’t be a death penalty. There were originally 6 members but now there are 27 members. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Prime Minister of Great Britain “Iron Lady”
What: spent 10 years working on the economy, stressing privatization, and carried out an economic revolution called “Thatcherism” to end state control of busines.
When: 1979-1990
Where: GB
Why: Brought online North Sea Oil-creating GBs own oil line (boosted economy) and defeated Argentina in the Falkland War. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: A group in Nicaragua who formed the ideas of Sandino, a nationalist
What: gained major support during the horrible times of Somoza and eventually eliminated him in 1980. This allowed them to gain power, which the US did not approve of because of their communist/socialist ideas. Agreed to open election in 1989, which they lost so they peacefully handed over power.
When: 1979-1989
Where: Nicaragua
Why: Overthrew the ruthless Somoza |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Son of Somoza who took power in 1967.
What: Perfect dictator who took brutality to new levels. Owned 20% of Nicaraguan land and another 10% of all profitable industries. Also took the money the US poured into Nicaragua.
When: 1967-1980
Where: Nicaragua
Why: US puppet who, through his corrupt policies he drained the nations economy, didn’t educate the populace and this resulted in a revolution and the death of 45,000 Nicaraguans and a million starving. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originated in 1912 when it overthrew the Quing Dynasty. Led by chiang kai-shek, it beat out the Communist party for control of government. Was forced out of China to Taiwan in 1949 by Mao Zedong. |
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Term
| The Oslo Accords/ Washington Accords |
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Definition
| Said that Israel would withdraw from parts of the Gaza strip/ west bank and allow Palestine self rule in those areas. Finalized in Norway and signed by the Israeli Prime Minister Rabin PLO leader Yassir Arafat in 1993 in Washington. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amassive military retreat of the armies of the communist party of China, led by Mao Zedong in 1934. It covered over 8,000 miles and only 10 percent survived |
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Term
| The great leap forward campaign |
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Definition
| Mao Zedong’s social/economic plan to use China’s vast population to transform it from agragrian society to a modern, industrialized society. From 1958-1962, the plan failed miserably causing millions of deaths and ruining their economy |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of civilians (mostly students and young people) who were mobilized by Mao, Lin Biao, Jiang Qing to get rid of their enemies during the cultural revolution of 1966. After a while they got out of control and some factions started fighting with each other |
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Definition
| In 1989, protesters gathered. They complained about the government and conditions in China. The government declared martial law and went through the square killing protesters and then launched a small campaign to get rid of supporters/participants. |
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