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| The panic of 1819 was the start of a two-year depression caused by extensive speculation, the loose lending practices of state banks, a decline in European demand for American staple goods, and mismanagement within the second Bank of the United States. The Panic of 1819 exacerbated social divisions within the United States and is often called the beginning of the end of the Era of Good Feelings |
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| Henry Clay and Daniel Webster created the Whig Party in reaction to Andrew Jackson. They wanted protective tariffs, rechartering of the National Bank, and a strong central government. Their candidate, William Henry Harrison, died shortly after taking office. His successor, John Tyler, did not follow the principles of the party. The party disappeared after the 1856 election. |
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| Henry Clay had a vast impact on the politics of the Era of Good Feelings and the Age of Jackson. He engineered the American System, a program aimed at economic self-sufficiency. As speaker of the house during Monroe's term in office, he was instrumental in crafting much of the legislation that passed through Congress. He led the Whig Party until his death in 1852. |
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| 3-3 Industrial Revolution |
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| Refers to the move from handmade goods to machine-made items and the rise of factories. While it began in England, it moved to America in the late 1700s, progressing slowly at first but then picking up as America began to look to home for manufactured goods. This was especially true in New England, where manufacturing became central to the economy. |
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| 3-7 Second Great Awakening |
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| The Second Great Awakening began around 1800 through a fear of rising secularism. Methodists and Baptists led a series of revivals starting on the frontier with camp meetings and then moving east. Evangelists stressed the idea that salvation was available to all. By 1830-1831, churches became more numerous. Eventually, Charles Grandison Fruey arose as the most important figure in revivalism |
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| The HARTFORD CONVENTION was convened in December 1814, in reaction to the War of 1812. Some of the New England states were unhappy with "Mr. Madison's War" and called for amendments to limit Republican influence. Some representatives even suggested seceding from the Union. However, the war ended a few weeks later, and the Federalist party fell apart, unable to recover from the stigma of discussing secession. |
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| The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokees had a right to land given to them in 1791. Jackson did not enforce these decisions. The tribes had to sign a treaty in 1835 where they gave up their lands in exchange for territory in Arkansas, money, and transportation to the new land. Their journey is called the Trail of Tears because of the 12,000 Cherokees who started on the thousand-mile track, 4,000 died on the way. |
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| 3-21 Worcester v. Georgia (1832) |
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| In the case of Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee were a domestic dependent nation within Georgia and thus deserved protection from harassment. A vehement Indian hater and eager to secure Native American land of U.S. Settlement, Andrew Jackson refused to abide by the decision. The Cherokee removal continued unabated. |
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| President Andrew Jackson felt federal offices should be given to loyal supporters. He also believed officeholders should serve for a limited time to avoid bureaucracy. He implimented a "spoils system" ("to the victors belong the spoils") where party loyalty was rewarded with government jobs. An ill effect of this was that people were not given jobs based on merit but instead based on loyalty. |
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| The Louisiana Purchase is remembered as one of Thomas Jefferson's greatest actions while holding office. In 1803, he purchased the territory from France and it nearly doubled the size of the nation, while opening the west for exploration and settlement. However, the territory also resulted in numerous border disputes and issues over whether new states would allow slavery. |
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| 3-16 Democratic-Republican Party |
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| Divisions over Alexander Hamilton's programs resulted in two political parties. Supporters created the Federalist Party. Opponents started the Democratic-Republican Party which led to the Democratic Party. Their main supporters were small farmers, laborers, and settlers especially from the South and the West. The Democratic-Republicans gained the presidency with the election of Jefferson in 1800. |
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| 3-9 What was the economic impact of the Embargo Act of 1807? |
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| In an attempt to stop the warring French and British from harassing U.S. trading ships and impressing sailors, Jefferson pushed for an embargo. The Embargo Act did not work and the effects on the American economy were detrimental. Shipbuilding ceased, merchants went bankrupt, and some shippers turned to smuggling. Further, demand for goods decreased, adversely affecting farmers and manufacturers. |
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| The top two contenders in the election of 1824 were Andrew Jackson and John Q. Adams. Neither contender had enough electoral votes to win. The election went to the House controlled by Speaker Henry Clay. He supported Adams, giving him the victory. Clay then became Secretary of State in the new Adams administration. This created the image of impropriety, thus a "corrupt bargain" |
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| The admission of Missouri as a state would upset the balance between slave and free states. The resulting Missouri Compromise in 1820 admitted Missouri as a slave state while Maine was admitted as a free state. Slavery was also eliminated north of latitude 36 degree 30 degree (Missouri's southern border). This was considered a victory for the slave states; a congressional balance was maintained |
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| 3-23 Era of Good Feelings |
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| The Era of Good Feelings refers to the presidency of James Monroe. It was a period of political harmony. The Federalist Party was a mere shadow of its former self and Monroe overwhelmingly won reelection. However, the latter part of his time in office saw the rise of sectional differences. |
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| 3-5 Explain the role that Tecumseh had in the election of William Henry Harrison. |
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| Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, and his brother tried to unite Native American tribes in Ohio and Indiana to keep the region under native control and ward off White rule. He was defeated in 1811 at the Battle of Tippecanoe. William Henry Harrison made his name fighting at the battle. In fact, he ran for president and won as a war hero with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too." |
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| John C. Calhoun was one of the strongest defenders of states' rights before the Civil War. He believed that states were sovereign and, therefore, should have a right to judge and declare acts unconstitutional. This doctrine of nullification had been at issue since the 1828 "tariff of abominations." The idea arose again as sectional problems increased in the years leading up to the Civil War. |
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| 3-17 What effect did the Tariff of Abominations (1828) have on the idea of nullification? |
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| John C. Calhoun led the charge against the Tariff of 1828, the Tariff of Abominations, because the North and West benefited, while the South did not. He wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, outlining the theory of nullification. Proposing that the state could ignore the tariff if they found it unconstitutional, he even threatened to secede from the Union if forced to pay the duty. |
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| 3-9 How did President Jefferson and Chief Justice Marshall's handling of the Burr treason case establish two constitutional precedents? |
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| Aaron Burr was brought to trial for planning a conspiracy against the government. During the trial, Jefferson invoked executive privilege to avoid appearing in court, claiming his appearance would harm the executive branch's independence. Marshall took a strict constructionist view of treason, stating it only consisted of levying war against the United States. In the end, Burr was found not guilty. |
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| 3-13 What was the significance of McCulloch v. Maryland? |
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| McCuloch v. Maryland was brought before John Marshall's Supreme Court in 1819. When James McCulloch decided to ignore a tax from the state of Maryland on the Federal Bank of the United States, the state sued. The court decided that Congress did have the power to establish a national bank, but Maryland did not have a right to tax the bank because "the power to tax involves the power to destroy." |
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| The Barbary Pirates, from the states located on the northern coast of Africa, attacked foreign shipping in the region. They often stole the cargo and held the sailors for ransom. In 1801, their tribute demands became unreasonable and the United States sent warships commanded by Stephen Decatur to put an end to the problem. Decatur set up a blockade around the islands in 1805, forcing a peace settlement. |
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| The Adams-Onis Treaty between Spain and the United States was created in 1819, and ratified in 1831. It was critical in defining the border between the United States and Mexico. Fearing the loss of Florida without compensation, the Spanish foreign minister agreed to a border between the Louisiana Purchase and Spanish lands. Spain kept Texas, California, and New Mexico. |
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| 3-24 The Jacksonian presidency is often credited with the expansion of democracy. What evidence exists to dispute this proposition? |
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| While more people voted than ever before, voting rights were not extended to a large segment of the population. Jackson did not uphold the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia favoring the Cherokee nation. His presidency was marked by the "spoils system." Jackson used his veto power a great deal, earning him the epithet "King Andrew." All of these actions could be considered undemocratic. |
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| 3-10 Leading up to the War of 1812, the United States was suffering serious abuses from Great Britain and France due to their war with each other. What factors led to the United States to only declare war on Great Britain? |
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| First, Great Britain had a larger naval force that was more damaging to U.S. interests. They impressed sailors, a practice the French did not follow. Also, when the Chesapeake incident occurred and American sailors were killed, anti-British sentiment was on the rise. Finally, the War Hawks led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun wanted to gain control of Canada, which was a British colony. |
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| 3-14 Explain John Marshall's impact on the judical branch of the govenment. |
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| Chief Justice John Marshall was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1801. A Federalist, he believed in a broad interpretation of the Constitution. His decisions strengthened the Supreme Court and made the judicial branch equal in power to the other two branches of government. One of his most important cases, Marbury v. Madison, established the idea of judicial review. |
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| in 1803, the Supreme Court by John Marshall ruled that they did not have jurisdiction over the Marbury v. Madison case, finding that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which allowed the court to rule on such cases, was unconstitutional. This led to the concept of judicial review where the Supreme Court had the right to rule on the constitutionality of actions taken by Congress and the president. |
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| What evidence exists to support the claim that Jefferson was actually a Federalist while he was president? |
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| Thomas Jefferson was a staunch Anti-Federalist; however, as president, he made decisions that could be considered Federalist in nature. The Louisiana Purchase was obtained using the Elastic Clause with Jefferson expanding the powers of the federal government to justify the purchase. He also expanded federal power in the area of commerce with the Embargo Act of 1807. |
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