Term
|
Definition
| A conscious, deliberate act of creating a system of government. |
|
|
Term
| Issues When Creating a Founding |
|
Definition
1. We need to cooperate, but our interests conflict
2. We want freedom, but with order, not anarchy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The chaotic expression of group will.
-Generates fear of disorder
-Engenders a desire for order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organized expression of the will of one person or small group of people.
-Generates fear of dictator or ruler. |
|
|
Term
| Historical Analysis of Sovereignty |
|
Definition
-Divine right of Kings (Gods)
-Theocracy (Gods)
-Aristocracy (Wise/Wealthy)
-Democracy (The People) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Challenges idea that church can intercede between God and Man
-Believed faith alone saves
-Transfers responsibility from church to individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-All are fallen/ only select few saved
-Those who are saved will profess this by their works
-Purpose of life: to glorify God through your works
-God and state separate in function, one in purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-We are all separate parts of the body of Christ
-Knit together with love
-Purpose: to improve lives through service to God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Each person is accountable for him or herself living up to the universal standard of righteousness
-Keep an eye out on your neighbor
-Civil liberty, not Natural liberty |
|
|
Term
| Civil vs. Natural Liberty |
|
Definition
Civil: free to do that which is just, good, and honest.
Natural: free to do what you want. |
|
|
Term
| Benjamin Constant's Ancient vs. Modern Liberty |
|
Definition
Ancient: freedom to participate in government and community life.
-Lose individual/private rights
Modern: Freedom from government
-Enjoy our liberty so much we surrender political power too
easily
Solution: Political Liberty
- Preserve individual rights will promoting an interest in
politics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Believed in Divine Right of Kings
-Unnatural for people to govern
-No law of King can be bad because it comes from God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-All men are free and equal
-Natural, unalienable rights: life, liberty, and property
-Government's only purpose is to secure natural rights
-Consent of governed needed for legitimacy
-Governments who fail to protect should be destroyed
-Right of people to revolt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-We are all separate parts of the body of Christ
-Knit together with love
-Purpose: to improve lives through service to God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Each person is accountable for him or herself living up to the universal standard of righteousness
-Keep an eye out on your neighbor
-Civil liberty, not Natural liberty |
|
|
Term
| Civil vs. Natural Liberty |
|
Definition
Civil: free to do that which is just, good, and honest.
Natural: free to do what you want. |
|
|
Term
| Benjamin Constant's Ancient vs. Modern Liberty |
|
Definition
Ancient: freedom to participate in government and community life.
-Lose individual/private rights
Modern: Freedom from government
-Enjoy our liberty so much we surrender political power too
easily
Solution: Political Liberty
- Preserve individual rights will promoting an interest in
politics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Believed in Divine Right of Kings
-Unnatural for people to govern
-No law of King can be bad because it comes from God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-All men are free and equal
-Natural, unalienable rights: life, liberty, and property
-Government's only purpose is to secure natural rights
-Consent of governed needed for legitimacy
-Governments who fail to protect should be destroyed
-Right of people to revolt |
|
|
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
GENERALITY |
|
Definition
Laws must apply to broad categories of people and not single anyone out.
Ex: Japanese Internment |
|
|
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
PROSPECTIVITY |
|
Definition
Laws must apply to future action, not past, and people must know about these laws in advance.
Ex: Ex post facto laws |
|
|
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
PUBLICITY |
|
Definition
1. Laws must be known and certain
2. People should know that the law WILL be enforced
Ex: Man chaining his bike to a tree in NY |
|
|
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
CONSENT |
|
Definition
| Laws must be generally acceptable to those who must live by them. |
|
|
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
DUE PROCESS |
|
Definition
Laws must be administered impartially
Ex: Nazi telling woman she can save one child |
|
|
Term
| Command/Planning Economic System |
|
Definition
Government has the authority to create cooperation, resolve conflicts, and set prices.
Ex: Mercantilism and Communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Free exchange promotes cooperations and market determined prices create incentives that allocate resources
Ex: Capitalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Economic Success=Fat King's treasury
-High exports, low imports |
|
|
Term
Adam Smith's
Wealth of Nations |
|
Definition
- National Wealth through free trade
- Purpose of government: to maintain an environment conducive to free exchange of goods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Both parties are made better off
-Self Interest guides
-Invisible hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"You can't always get what you want"
-Unlimited wants but limited resources
-Consumers have to make choices
-Prices ration goods
-Leads to increase in price |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cost of any choice is the best forgone alternative (the second best option) |
|
|
Term
Adam Smith's Division of Labor
SPECIALIZATION |
|
Definition
1. Each workman becomes more dexterous in his/her field
2. Saves transition times
3. Machines do the work of many men |
|
|
Term
| Law of Comparative Advantage |
|
Definition
1. Everybody is the low opportunity cost producer of something.
2. Specialize in producing things for which there is the lowest opportunity cost. |
|
|
Term
| How does a market economy control self-interest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As prices go up, people will start buying less |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As prices go up, people will begin to produce more of the product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point at which buyers wish to buy the same amount the sellers wish to sell |
|
|
Term
Adam Smith's
INVISIBLE HAND |
|
Definition
Prices
- Ration scarcity
- Act as incentives to change business behavior
Profits
- Cover costs
- Attract new businesses
- Low profits cause businesses to leave |
|
|
Term
Declaration of Independence
Section I: OPENING |
|
Definition
| States that [we] are about to state the causes which compel us to separate. |
|
|
Term
Declaration of Independence
Section II: THEORETICAL CORE |
|
Definition
1. Self-Evident Truths
2. Consent of the governed
3. Right of People to abolish tyrannical government
-Not for light, transient reason
-Only after many occasions of abuse
-Remind/warn first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Greek: eudemonia
- What is fitting or appropriate as humans |
|
|
Term
Declaration of Independence
Section III: EVIDENCE |
|
Definition
| List of grievances US suffered from King. |
|
|
Term
Declaration of Independence
Section IV: CONCLUSION |
|
Definition
| The United States are absolved from the crown with the approval of God |
|
|
Term
Thomas Paine
"The American Crisis" |
|
Definition
"These are the times that try men's souls!"
"The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph!"
"What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly." |
|
|
Term
December 31 1776
Washington Pleads with Men to Reenlist |
|
Definition
| By staying.."you will render that service to the cause of liberty and to your country which you probably never can do under any other circumstances." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Tea Act ---> 2. Boston Tea Party ---> 3. Intolerable Acts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Battles of Lexington and Concord
-Paul Revere's Ride
2. Battle of Bunker Hill |
|
|
Term
December 25-26 1776
FIRST BATTLE OF TRENTON |
|
Definition
Washington crosses the Delaware to surprise Hessian troops
-Think famous painting |
|
|
Term
January 2 1777
SECOND BATTLE OF TRENTON |
|
Definition
| Washington sneaks away after lighting large bonfires |
|
|
Term
| Post-Revolution Assumptions |
|
Definition
1. High level of public virtue among people
2. Executive branch should be weak
3.Sovereignty should lie with states |
|
|
Term
| Articles of Confederation |
|
Definition
1. STATE SOVEREIGNTY
2. No executive or judicial
3. No power to tax
4. Each state has equal vote
5. Unanimous to amend |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Articles of Confederation |
|
Definition
No power to...
1. Resolve conflicts between states
2. Regulate inter-state trade
3. Enforce decisions
4. Conduct unified foreign policy |
|
|
Term
| Madison's Diagnosis of State Problems |
|
Definition
1. Multiplicity of laws
2. Mutability of laws
3. Injustice of laws
4. Impotence of laws
5. States need to be coerced by national government |
|
|
Term
VIRGINIA PLAN
Edmund Randolph |
|
Definition
-Congress= 2 houses elected by people and 1st house
-Proportional to population
- Sovereignty in nation |
|
|
Term
NEW JERSEY PLAN
William Patterson |
|
Definition
-Congress= Unicameral
-Equal representation
-Retained state sovereignty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bicameral Legislature
-Elected by people and electors
-National veto |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 Legislative bodies
1. House= representing individuals
2. Senate= representing states |
|
|
Term
SMALL Republic Argument
Brutus |
|
Definition
1. History
-bad examples
2. Diversity
-Large republics are more diverse and therefore less able to
settle on a common goal
-Constant clashing of opinions
3. Representatives
-In large republic, people will feel less attached to
representative
-Representatives will forget the people |
|
|
Term
LARGE Republic Argument
Madison- Federalist #10 |
|
Definition
Competing factions will balance government out and give everyone a voice
- Think World's Largest Water Balloon Fight |
|
|
Term
| Madison's Theory on How to Deal with Factions |
|
Definition
Control the effects:
-Enlarge the republic
1. Majority factions less likely to form
2. Majority factions less likely to coordinate
3. Favors those with enlightened views |
|
|
Term
Madison's Federalist #51
Separation of Powers |
|
Definition
- Control political conflict (caused by factions) by allowing government to control its people, and itself
- Think missionary companion system |
|
|
Term
| Madison's Auxiliary Precautions |
|
Definition
1. Structure solution
2. Social arrangements that influence human nature to give the most desirable outcome |
|
|
Term
| Paradox of Separation of Powers |
|
Definition
| Sharing some powers is key to the separation of powers |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Electoral College System |
|
Definition
1. Reduces incentive to campaign in "Safe" states
2. Reduces incentives for 3rd party candidate
3. May weaken incentive for voters in "Safe" states to vote |
|
|
Term
Hamilton's FEDERALIST vision
*Cities |
|
Definition
1. Strong, national power feared by world
2. Broad interpretation of Constitution
3. Aristocratic leadership
-Suspicious of too much democracy |
|
|
Term
| Article VI: Supremacy Clause |
|
Definition
| The Constitution and any laws made under thereof shall be the supreme law of the land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that the Constitution is a permanent document, not easily amended. |
|
|
Term
Hamilton's Federalist #78
JUDICIAL REVIEW |
|
Definition
1. Judiciary has neither control of the purse or the sword
2. No force or will, merely judgement
3. Judges elected for life
-Allows them to be disinterested/impartial |
|
|
Term
Jefferson's REPUBLICAN vision
*Country Roads |
|
Definition
-State level politics
-Narrow interpretation of Constitution
-Emphasis on agrarian values
-Encourage most virtuous (those closest to soil) to participate in politics |
|
|
Term
| Proportional Representation |
|
Definition
| Each party that receives a vote is represented in some way |
|
|
Term
| Why US has only 2 Political Parties |
|
Definition
-Single-Member Voting districts
-Winner-Take-All System |
|
|
Term
| Implications of 2-Party System |
|
Definition
-Must appeal to broad swath of voters to win representation
-The system awards compromise, not extremes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Argued that at first, slavery was seen as morally wrong, BUT NOT ANYMORE! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Cannibals, ALL!"
-Free laborers in the North are slaves without the rights of slaves
-Slaves are free
-When work is done, master provides for everything
-Masters grow to love slaves due to proximity
-Masters care for slaves out of self-interest as well
-Financial investment |
|
|
Term
James Henry Hammond
Pro-Slave |
|
Definition
Difference between North and South is that the "slaves" of the South are hired for life and well-compensated.
-Way less beggars in South |
|
|
Term
Constitutional Failures
Madison's Large Republic |
|
Definition
| States factioned off into large regions of opinion creating dead lock |
|
|
Term
Constitutional Failures
Federalism |
|
Definition
Should National government decide the slave question? or should each state decide for themselves?
- Think Kansas-Nebraska Act |
|
|
Term
Constitutional Failures
Separation of Powers |
|
Definition
| South had power in both Senate and Supreme Court= dead lock |
|
|
Term
Constitutional Failures
Political Process- Democracy |
|
Definition
Kansas-Nebraska Act
-Southerners moved to Nebraska temporarily to skew vote |
|
|
Term
Constitutional Failures
Supreme Court |
|
Definition
Dredd Scott Decision
-Chief Justice Taney
-Slaves are not people
-Constitution has no power to disban slavery |
|
|
Term
Constitutional Failures
The Presidency |
|
Definition
| Presidential candidates all had different viewpoints |
|
|
Term
Election of 1860
Slavery Election |
|
Definition
John Bell: Moderate
-No stand on slavery, keep Union together
Stephen Douglas: Moderate
-Let the people decide on slavery
John Breckinridge: Southern Extreme Democrat
-Preserve the Union with slavery
Abraham Lincoln: Extreme Republican
-Preserve Union by gradually abolishing slavery |
|
|
Term
| Different Perspectives on Reasons for War |
|
Definition
- North: to keep Union together
- South: to combat Northern tyranny |
|
|
Term
Market Weaknesses
IMPERFECT INFORMATION |
|
Definition
Lack of complete or correct information causes parties to make economic decisions that are potentially harmful
-Ex: Cigarettes, Budweiser, and FDA |
|
|
Term
Market Weaknesses
MONOPOLY |
|
Definition
Nobody should be able to exercise control over prices, but because Monopolies have exclusive control over production, they can "monopolize" prices
-Ex: Think of government controlling prices of utilities |
|
|
Term
Market Weaknesses
RECESSION |
|
Definition
Occurs when "shock" hits the system
-Raise in oil prices, adjustment in stock market, etc |
|
|
Term
| How Government Corrects Recession |
|
Definition
1. Fiscal Policy
-Increase government spending/tax cuts
-Think Obama Incentives
-Increases National debt
2. Monetary Policy
-Reduce interest rates
-Ex: Housing Market |
|
|
