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Definition
| type of democracy where the people decide by voting, etc |
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Term
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| rule by the people, popular election by the government and basic protection rights |
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| how are the elections the "key" to understanding American democracy? |
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Definition
| by having elections, it is how people have the final say in over who governs them |
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Term
| how does government have "monopoly over the legitimate use of physical force?" |
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Definition
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Term
| the functions of government |
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Definition
1. establish justice
2. to insure domestic tranquility
3. to provide for the common defense 4. to promote the general welfare
5. to secure the blessing of liberty |
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| what are the 3 essential components |
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Definition
| politics, government, and public policies |
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Definition
definitions emphasize:
1. individuals wanting things
2. trying to manage conflict
3. allocating values--deciding whats inportant |
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| "Politics is who gets what, when, and how" |
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| "Politics is the socialization of conflict" |
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| "Politics is the authoritative allocation of values" |
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Necessary services
-national: 1
-state: 50
-local: 87,000 |
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Definition
-"expectations and demands"
-benefits and services desired
-TWO CHOICES:
1.whether government should do anything?
2.what should government do? |
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Term
| the functions of theories |
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Definition
1. simplify a mass of detail-simplify reality
2.help us understand how something works, or does not work
3.provide context(background info) and contrast(different kinds) |
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Definition
-observations and testing
-can be falsified
-basis of most organized learning and knowledge |
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Definition
-evaluate rather than explain
-much more judgemental
-declaration of independence and constitution |
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| Core arguments made by John Locke (3) |
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Definition
1. inalienable rights: life, liberty, and property
2. why government?
-to protect their rights and provde security
3. the great balancing act
-strong enough to protect rights, but no to strong to threaten rights |
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| set of god-given principles that no government can take away |
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| non-excludable; cannot be denied using and benefitting from regardless of payment |
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excludable; dont pay, dont use and enjoy
--street light example-- |
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| a form of democracy in which citizens allow others — usually elected officials — to represent them in government processes and are not necessarily directly involved in any of the processes of legislation or lawmaking |
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Definition
-U.S. voter turnout very low
-33% on average
-Belgium highest at: 93%
-in presidential elections since 1964 it has declined 11%
-today in presidential elections its less than 60% of REGISTERED VOTERS |
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Definition
-have to be registered
-voter ID |
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Definition
-Democratic
-Elite and Class Theory
-Pluralism
-Hyper pluralism |
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Definition
-importance on process and procedure
-normative standard
-emphasis on self-government |
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Definition
| -government is best defined and explained by focusing on the activities/opinions of a small number if people,some have large amounts of social, economic, and political power |
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Definition
groups compete for:
-the attention of government
-with and among each other
**the competition prevents domination and the theory assumes equal access ti competition but that's not true in reality |
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Definition
groups are:
-out of control/have to much power and influence
-no longer compete
-claims are recognized as legitimate |
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Term
| standards for evaluating democracy |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 basic cause of American revolution |
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Definition
-economic
-political
-misunderstandings |
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Term
| achievements of American Revolution |
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Definition
| we gained our independence from Great Brittian |
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Term
| Strengths of Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
1.To declare war and make peace
2.To coin and borrow money
3.To detail with foreign countries and sign treaties
4.To operate post offices |
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Term
| Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
1 The national government could not force the states to obey its laws.
2 It did not have the power to tax
3 It did not have the power to enforce laws
4 Congress lacked strong and steady leadership
5 There was no national army or navy
6 There was no system of national courts
7 Each state could issue its own paper money
8 Each state could put tariffs on trade between states. (A tariff is a tax on goods coming in from another state or country.) |
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Term
| Historical context of revolution |
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Definition
-boston tea party (1773)
-first continental congress(1774)
-paul revere's ride(1775)
-First shots fired at Lexington(1775)
-Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) |
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| Important Constitution provisions |
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Definition
-Representation
-the Great Compromise
-large states favored population
-small states favored equality
-bicameral legislature
-upper(senate)=2 senators--equality
-lower(house)=number of representatives based off population |
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| both national and state government |
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Definition
Approval:
1.Congress passes joint resolution and then sends it to the states
2.another constitutional convention
Approval:
1.special ratifying convetions
2.the issue goes to the state legislature and they vote |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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Definition
| Article 1, Secrtion 8-- it can expand and control things as necessary; sometimes called the elastic clause |
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Term
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Definition
| the Constitution grants COngress the power to regulate commerce when it is conducted with foreign nations and involves more than one state |
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Definition
| the Constitution and laws shall be the Supreme law of the land in the U.S. |
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| He wanted seperate powers but connections through checks and balances; he wanted to limit ambition and tyranny |
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| is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution |
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| is a theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual |
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| historical events in shaping federalism |
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Definition
1. civil war
2. industrialization
3. great depression and new deal |
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Definition
| the study of the flow of money |
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| is money coming from central government for a specific project |
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| pretty weak; articles of confederation |
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| STRONGEST--exact opposite of Confederal; all power is held by central government |
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| power both shared and exclusive; power goes both ways |
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| Significance of dual sovereignty |
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Definition
| The dual sovereignty doctrine holds that two jurisdictions can prosecute a person for the same crime if the person committing the offense did so against the laws of both jurisdictions |
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Term
| The doctrine of Nullification |
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Definition
-not just a disagreement over slavery
-the states could leave the union if they wanted
-they followed the laws they liked and nullified the ones they didnt |
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Term
| significance of devolution |
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Definition
| is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level |
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Term
| Sources of political socialization |
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Definition
1. Family – Most important shaper of basic attitudes; teaches basic political values & loyalty to particular political party through family members
2. Schools – Teach patriotism and American mythology; early grades build on and reinforce positive learning
3. Peers – Limited in effect because of self-selection; peer group in youth affects mostly “lifestyle issues”
4. Mass media – Effect difficult to measure but substantial; promotes cynicism about government; agenda setting – telling us what to think about; framing – tells us what to think about what is presented
5. Political leaders and institutions
6. Churches and religion – Religious right and religious left |
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| prominent social cleavages |
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Definition
| race, age, gender, income, education |
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Term
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Definition
-opinion cleavages
-relate to how people differ & critical issues
-reflect U.S. diversity
-create divisons & potential for political conflict |
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Term
| FOUR publics in public opinion |
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Definition
1. occupation
2. religion
3.ethnicity
4.region |
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Term
| reasons for the steady expansion of political suffrage |
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Definition
1. as the level of participation increases, the number of participants decreases
2. participation is biased not/not representative--poor/young do not vote
3. the pattern of participation is NOT inevitable-- it can change |
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Term
| hierarchies of participation |
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Definition
-non participants (30-60%)
-voters(30-70%)
-talkers(40%)
-joiners(30%)
-writers(20%)
-advertisers(15%)
-contributors(10%)
-activists(5%)
-candidates(less than 0.001%)
-elected officials(less than 0.0001%) |
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Term
| arguments about low turnout |
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Definition
| many believe registration rules are outdated & only contribute to alienation-cynacism over government |
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Term
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Definition
1.self initiated registration
2.mobile population
3.no compulsory voting
4.no national holiday
5.ballot fatigue
6.low party competition
7.weaker political party
8.low political effort
9.restrictive voter registration requirements
10.young voters
11.low social capitol |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic or no registration, uniform polling times, sunday voting, mail voting, election day a national holiday, reward voting, compulsory voting |
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Term
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Definition
| basing voting decisions on reactions to past performance; approving the status quo or signaling a desire for change. Retrospective voting is more realistic. |
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Definition
| -each state allowed a number of electors=number of U.S. senators plus number of U.S. house of reps |
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Definition
| distribution or allotment in proper shares |
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Term
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Definition
1.informed and involved citizens
2.competitive political parties
3. different programs and clear choices
4.useful & informed campaigns
5. real discussion of issues |
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Term
| 7 prominent presidential roles |
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Definition
-chief of state
-commander-in-chief
-party leader
-chief legislator
-chief diplomat
-chief executive
-national leader |
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Term
| presidential success or failure factors |
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Definition
-popularity
-successful programs
-a strong economy
-public confidence
-national crisis
-strong presidential party\
-effective and inspirational leadership |
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Term
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Definition
-the people expect too much
-we have an unrealistic view of presidential power
-the office is very limited
-greatest power is persuasion
-programmatic vs. pragmatic leader
-innovative and inventive vs, majoritarian
-inspirational but not too much
-presidency above politics vs. reality
-common person
-national unifier vs. national divider |
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Term
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Definition
-longstanding issue; should they make the law or decide the law
-courts do try to restrain themselves |
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Definition
| the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary |
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Term
| TWO important differences between the supreme court and all other courts |
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Definition
1.control over the case load;4 to say they want to hear it, 5 to decide the case
2.final arbiter for legal disputes, but no legal dispute is ever final |
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Term
| theories of consitutional interpretation |
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Definition
Originalist: An originalist is a person who believes that the meaning of the constitution does not change or evolve over time, but rather that the meaning of the text is both fixed and knowable. An originalist believes that the fixed meaning of the text should be the sole guide for a judge when applying or interpreting a constitutional provision.
Textualist: A textualist is an originalist who gives primary weight to the text and structure of the Constitution. The text means what it would have been understood to mean by an ordinary person at the time it was written. Textualists often are skeptical of the ability of judges to determine collective "intent." Justice Antonin Scalia is a textualist.
Intentionalist: An intentionalist is an originalist who gives primary weight to the intentions of framers, members of proposing bodies, and ratifiers. Judge Robert Bork is an intentionalist.
Pragmatist: A non-originalist who gives substantial weight to judicial precedent or the consequences of alternative interpretations, so as to sometimes favor a decision "wrong" on originalist terms because it promotes stability or in some other way promotes the public good. Federal Judge Richard Posner is a legal pragmatist.
Natural Law Theorist: A person who believes that higher moral law ought to trump inconsistent positive law. |
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Term
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Definition
1.most open and visible branch, BUT most of the important decisions of congress are made behind the scenes
2. institution NOT highly regarded, BUT members of congress are highly regarded |
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Definition
-Congress gives funding andpolitical support to the bureaucracy
-the bureaucracy has low regulation and does special favors for the interest groups
-Interest groups give electoral support to congress |
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| granted to the states to decide and not the national government |
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| Concept that jobs which require comparable abilities, knowledge, and skills, should be paid the same wage/salary rate irrespective of the employee's age, race, sex or any other difference |
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| The real revolution-- John Adams says: |
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Definition
| "a radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people" |
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