Circulatory System

• known as the cardiovascular system 
• The transportation system of the body.
• Consist of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood
• Transports oxygen and nutrients to the body cells 
• Carries carbon dioxide and metabolic material away from the body cells

• Smooth layer of cells that line the inside of the heart
• continuous with the inside blood vessels
• Allows for smooth flow of blood

• a doubled layered membrane
• covers the outside of the heart

• lubricating fluid, pericardial fluid, fills the space between the two layers.
  • to prevent friction damage to the membranes as the heart beats or contracts

• a muscular wall that separates the heart into right side and left side.
• prevent blood from moving between  the right and left side of the heart

• Upper  part of  the septum 

Interventricular Septum

• lower septum

4 chambers

Upper chambers called?

• receives blood as it returns from the body cells

• receives blood from the left atrium 
• pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery
• which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygen.

• receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

• receives blood from the left atrium
• pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells

• located between  the right atrium and the left ventricle 
• It close when the right ventricle contracts, allowing blood to flow to the lungs and prevent blood from flowing back into the right atrium

• located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
• blood vessel that carries blood to the lungs
• It close when right ventricle has finished contracting, preventing blood from flowing back into right ventricle

• located between the left atrium and left ventricle
• It closes when the left ventricle is contracting, allowing blood to flow into the aorta (for transport to the body) and prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium 

• located between the left ventricle and the aorta
• largest artery in the body
• It close when the left ventricle is finished contracting, allowing blood flow into the aorta and prevent blood from flow back into left ventricle

• cycle consists of brief period of rest

• followed by a period of ventricular contraction

• a group of nerve cells located in the right atrium 
• "pacemaker", send out an electrical impulse, which spreads out over the muscles in the atria

• a group of nerve cells located between the atris and ventricles
• sends the electrical impulse through the bundle, nerve fibers in the septum

• which carry the impulse down throught the ventricles

• a netwrok of nerve fibers throught the ventricles
• bundle branches further subdivide the into Purkinje fibers

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• abnormal heart rhythms and can be mild to life-threatening

• a device that shocks the heart with an eletrical current to stop the uncoordinated contraction  
• allow sinoatrial  node to regain control 

• carry blood away from the heart
• aorta is largest artery in the body
• receives the blood from the left ventricle of the heart
• more musclar and elastic than are the other blood vessels b/c they receive the blood as it is pumped from the heart

• smallest branches of arteries

• connect arterioles with venules
• smallest veins
• have thin walls containg only one layer of cells
• allow carbon dioxide and metabolic products from the cell to enter

• blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart 
• Venules, the smallest branches of veins, connect capillaries
• venules join together and, becoming larger, form veins

• flow through the circulatory system 
• 4 to 6 quarts of blood for average adult 

• approximately 90 percent water, with many dissolved, or suspended, substances

• made  of the fluid plasma and formed or solid elements

• red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow
• rate of 1 million per min. 
• live 120 days before being broken down by the liver and spleen

• carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide
• a complex protein compound of the protein molecule called, -globin
• iron compound called heme-

• white blood cells
• not as numerous as are erythrocytes
• formed in bone marrow and lymph tissue 
• usually live 3-9 days
• 5,000-10,000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood
• to fight infection
• pass through capillary walls and enter body tissue 

• remove toxins and defend the body from allergic reactions by producing antihistamines

• participate in the body's inflammatory response; produce histamine, a vasodilator, and heparin, an anticoagulant

• phagocytize bacteria and foregin materials

• provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies; protect against the formation of cancer cells.

• usually described as fragment or piece of cells
• live up to 5-9 days
• 250,000-400,000 per cubic millimeter of blood

• an inadequate number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both
• Symptom- pallor (paleness), fatigue, dyspnea (difficult breating), and rapid heart rate

• inadequate amount of iron to form hemoglobin in erythrocytes

• result of injury to or destruction of the bone marrow
• leading to poor or no formation of red blood cells

• formation of abnormally large and an inadequate number of erythrocytes

• a chronic, inherited anemia
• production of abnormal, crescent-chaped erythrocytes that carry less oxygen, break easily, and block blood vessels

• a ballooning out of, or saclike formation on, antery wall

• hardening or thickening of arterial walls
• loss of elasticity and contractility
• cause high blood pressure or hypertension, and can lead lead to an aneurysm or cerebral hemorrhage