Thallophytes:

have chlorophyll a

lack roots, stems, leaves

autotrophic

unicellular

lack membrane-bound organelles

no sexual reproduction

Prokaryotic

use chlorophyll a and water as a source of e- to reduce NADP and produce Oxygen

no chloroplasts

Genus of Cyanobacteria

No production of heterocysts or akinetes

Genus of Cyanobacteria

no production of heterocysts or akinetes

cell division in 2 planes

[image]

Genus of Cyanobacteria

no production of heterocysts or akinetes

dead cells along filament called separation discs

breakage along separation discs free filaments called hormogonia

[image]

Genus in Cyanobacteria

Filament begins with heterocyst

[image]

Genus of Cyanobacteria

forms heterocysts and akinetes

[image]

[image]

Genus of Cyanobacteria

produces heterocysts and akinetes

Can form false branches (forms at break in trichome next to heterocyst)

[image]

Genus of Cyanobacteria

highest level of organization in cyano.

can form heterocysts and akinetes

form true branches

[image]

Chloroplast derived from cyanobacterium

two membranes

Green (chlorophyta) algae

Red (rhodophyta) algae

chloroplasts arouse from endosymbiosis of green/red algae

euglenophytes (of green)

diatoms (of red)

golden brown (of red)

brown (of red)

chloroplasts derived from phagocytosis of algae with secondarily derived chloroplasts

Dinoflagellates

secondary endosymbiosis of green algae

mesokaryotic nucleus

double membraned chloroplast

only asexual reproduction

Genus of Euglenoids

2 flagella at anterior end

has stigma (eyespot)

[image]

Genus of Euglenoids

protective E.C. matrix called lorica

flagella extends thru lorica to move

[image]

2 smooth flagella between a haptonema (sensory and food capture functions)

many cells covered in scales called coccoliths made of CaCO3.

eukaryotic nucleus

genus of haptophytes

produce toxins causing fish kills

[image]

genus of haptophytes

produce toxins that cause fish kills

[image]

mesokaryotic nucleus

heterotrophic

chloroplasts from tertiary endosymbiosis

some produce red tides

flagella sits in 2 grooves

Cingulum (equatorial groove holds transverse flagellum)

Sulcus (holds posterior flagellum)

epicone (anterior half)

hypocone (posterior half)

Anterior half (epicone) called epitheca if armoured

Posterior (hypocone) called hypotheca if armoured

genus of dinoflagellates

[image]

heterokonts - "different flagella"

one flagella forward, has hairs

other flagella shorter, smooth

Diatoms

Eukaryotic nucleus

cell wall of 2 silica valves -

make up epitheca (top) and hypotheca (bottom)

top view - valve view

side view - girdle view

pennate shape - bilateral symmetry in valve view

centric shape - radial symmetry in valve view

Groove 'long valve called raphe (secretes mucilage)

Genus of bacillariophyceae (diatoms)

centric

forms into long filaments via valve view

auxospore (specialized zygote) can be seen

[image]

have fucoxanthin as accessory pigment (gold in colour)

cell wall of cellulose

2 flagella

sexual reproduction iso/anisogamous

genus of chrysophyceae

has a lorica (hard protective shell?)

can form statospores in unfavorable conditions

(silicified resting spores)

has heterothallic and dioeceous sexual reprod. with anisogamous gametes

Female colonies release erogen (chemical) that stilmulates male cells to divide

male gametes swim and enters female lorica - plasmogamy occurs

statspore settles to lake bottom where karyogamy and meiosis occur before germinating the following year.

[image]

lack fucoxanthin

asexual reproduction via zoospores

sexual reproduction is isogamous/oogamous

Zygotic life cycle

genus of Xanthophyceae

Coencytic  - cell walls in adjacent cells overlap

lacks chlorophyll b

food stored as glucans and not "true" starch

zygotic L.C. and sexual reproduction is oogamous

[image]

Genus of Xanthophyceae

filamentous (not coencytic)

[image]

Class Phaeophyceae

Brown algae

eukaryotic nucleus

heterokont

food stored in laminarin

life cycle alternation of heteromorphic generations

genus of phaeophyceae

sporophyte is distinguishing feature of alternation of generations

bull kelp

large sporophyte generation

can grow 6cm/day

outer layer is meristoderm

middle layer is cortex

inner layer is medulla - has tube-shaped cells called trumpet hyphae

sori on blade - reproductive structures (sporangia) between sterile tissue (paraphyses)

genus of phaeophyceae

"rockweed"

diplontic life cycle

receptacles have antheridia and oogonia (monoecious)

receptacles filled with mucilage

genus of phphaeophyceae

"sea cauliflower"

genus of phyaeophyceae

"ribbon kelp"

genus of phyaeophyceae

"feather boa"

red algae

accessory pigment phycoerythrin - catches wavelengths under 200m of water

complex life cycle - 2 sporophyte stages

no flagellated stages

food stored as floridean starch

Genus of Rhodophytes

elaborate life cycle

sexual repro - isomorphic alternation of generations

male gametophyte forms spermatangia on trichoblasts (side branches)

female gametophyte produces urn-shpaed pericarp

inside pericarp is 4-celled carpogonium which has long trichogyne which is receptor for spermatia (formed in spermatangia)

fertilization

diploid nucleus passed into auxillary cell - mitosis produces carposporophyte (mass of diploid cells)

pericarp becomes cystocarp

carposporophyte produces carposporangia which releases one large carpospore

Carpospores form tetrasporophyte which will form tetrasporangia

meiosis - produces tetraspores - germinate into gametophytes again

genus of rhodophytes

"sea sac"

sacs observes are either male gametophytes or tetrasporophytes

genus of rhodophytes

calcified cell walls - hard, rough and pink

green algae

cellulose cell wall

food stored as "true starch"in pyrenoids (in chloroplasts)

class of chlorophytes

motile cells with radial symmetry, anterior flagella, theca and eyespots

freshwater

genus of chlorophyceae

life cycle has zygotic neiosis

sexual reproduction by fusion of isogamous/anisogamous gametes

asexual reproduction by zoospores

genus of chlorophyceae

lifecycle has zygotic meiosis

sexual reproduction is oogamous

zygote developes into spiny-walled zygospore

class of chlorophyceae

anterior flagella on motile cells - near radial symmetry

zygotes not dormant

alternation of generations is common

genus of ulvophyceae

"sea lettuce"

isomorphic alternation of generations

clade - green algae most closely related to land plants

have cell plates and plasmodesmata

class of streptophytes

freshwater

meiosis occurs when zygote germinates

no eyespots

genus of charophyceans

part of family of phytoplankton called Desmids

single-celled - made up of 2 semicells (each with chloroplast)

zygotic meiosis life cycle

sexual reproduction by conjugation (genetic recombination of cells of different mating types)

genus of charophyceans

spiral chloroplasts

sexual reproduction by conjugation (fusion of amoeboid gametes)

genus of charophyceans - `stoneworts

most like land plants

-has lateral appendages

-has apical meristem

-has protonema

-sexual organs are multicellular with many sterile support cells surrounding coogonia and antheridia