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| A generalization that takes one belief, wether true or false, and applies it to a larger population.Stereotypes are important because of the implications and pschological effects it had on the Indians. It is an idea that the Europeans constructed to describe those who were not European. |
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| A stereotype that portrays Indians in a positive manner(opposite of everything that made europeans bad - harmonius, free, close to earth) but is still one-sided and dehumanizing. Examples include Pocahontas and Dances With Wolves. |
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| a stereotype of the Indian based on negative experiences that became a cultural belief (Cowboys vs. Indians, cowboys always win) |
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| dying race that was doomed to extinction due to disease; statically proven be demographic of 90% of existing population dying off |
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| "involves the use of comparitive material from other cultural or historivcal situations to infer crucial information that may be missing or obscured in the historical record of a particular situation; the comparitive material is selectced from contexts that appear most closely analogous." |
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| belief by Euro-Americans that is was God's will fopr them to expand further west so they could improve their new home. Much of this belief stemmed from the fact that as Indians were dying off due to foreign diseases, villages were left empty and Europeans saw this as God's opening up opportunities of expansion. |
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| the land bridge between Alaska and Siberia that had been covered by glacier receeded and allowed for people to cross about 9000-12000 years ago; wave of settlements of nearly 30,000 people into truly unoccupied land |
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| Ockanogin or "Animal People" = originated from the earth and so were part of nature, were rooted to and had spoecific relationship with homeland; used as truth of origin and idea for political effect. |
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| founder of anthropology; at the turn of the century, he sought out the oldest Indians he could find and tried to understand what it was life before coloinization. did studty on Native people by going to elder groups and had them reconstruct Indian life precontact |
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| 300 different languages; many different languages with culture areas and between several culture areas (one reason why culture areas alone are not sufficient to describe Indian cultures.) |
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| areas where people of various groups share similar culture traits mostly due to environmental components of area, but also with social organization; an anthropologist ide athat sometimes causes generalizations to be made that don't reflect actual differences among societies. |
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| small group of Natives living together, usually from 100-150 people, that live together at different times of the year, separate then come back together. Ex: Inuit, Upic, and Inualit |
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| central village surrounded by satilliete villages; found mostly among tribes of Southwest Coast (California) |
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| 1)events that introduced Natives to Europeans both directly and indirectly and before 1492 w/ Columbus 2)1st contact was with Vikings 1000 AD 3)1492 Columbus; 1520 Spanish take Mexico; 1600's Europeans in Canada; 1900 direct contact in Yukon during Gold Rush |
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| face to face contact between Europeans and Indigenous people |
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| influence of Europeans before actual face to face meeting such as disease, technology, warfare |
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| introduced disease; affect everyone, not just the young; 1st epidemic in Carribean was small pox in 1518..by 1620 only 5% of original population remained |
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| disease that is already within a population; just affect young ex. Black Death; can have resistance built up against them over generations so only endemic in Indian pop. was syphillus. examples are measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox |
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| introduced animal species |
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| there were no domestic animals until Europeans arrived; Europeans brought them as food sources and hides, but they escaped and went wild. pigs, horses, cows; led to overall change in agriculture |
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| brought on purpose and on accident. Europeans brought them because they wanted the food they were used to. made Indian people slaves to crops like sugar cane. Weeds were brought over by accident but |
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| a person of mixed ancestry, of European and Native American ancestry |
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| in the Southwest only with the Spanish: grants for land that entitled the labor of natives on that land to the owner, manking the natives servants |
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| natives who were not living ina central location, were pushed into colobies; the European thought was that it would make the Indians easier to cotrol if they were not spread out. |
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| repression of native religions, which were seen as witchcraft, by the Catholic church |
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| 1680 conflict between Spanish and Pueblo people. Natives burned churches and killed about 400 people, driving the Spanish back to Mexico. The revolt reestablished social and political systems that lasted for about 12 years/ The area was eventually reconquered by Devargas in 1692 b/c of opposing interests among Pueblo tribes |
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| tribute system (like encomienda) set up by the Russians that forced natives to pay tribute in fur; natives were forced to hunt, women were force into marriage or raped |
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| a person born of European/native heritage usually within Latin American pop. increase due to Russian/indian contact on West coast |
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| a trade empire between N America and Siberia for mostly sea otter fur for chinese markets; member treated natives brutally and caused sea otter to come close to extinction; wouldnt allow for trade with anyone else. Ex: Aluit - took familird hostage/for ransom so that hunting parties would reach quota for sea otter; was impossible to feed families families under RAC rules; would later lead to revolt in 1761 |
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| concept of divine providence in terms of Genesis, landed in MA Bay Colony |
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On 26 May 1637, captains John Underhill and John Mason led another retaliatory expedition through Narragansett territory and struck the Pequot settlement in Mystic. Mason's order to his soldiers and Narragansett allies was "Let us burn them." The settlement, comprised mostly of women and cildren, was desimated. An estimated thirty or forty Pequots escaped. The ones who were captured were sold into slavery in Boston, meeting there fates in the plantations of the Bermuda. In the following weeks, the warriors were hunted down and killed.
The war officially ended on September 1638 when the few survivors of the Pequot tribe were foced to sign the Treaty of Hartfod, also called the Tripartite Treaty, declaring the Pequot nation to be dissolved. |
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| "shell" beads (of welk and clam) used for currency, with increased production after Dutch discover its value in trade; vital to the fur trade and survivsl of the colonies; symbolically important in treaty making process, ceremonies, and gifts |
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| when Champlain (1567-1635) led a band of Hurons against their hereditary enemies, the Iroquois. Champlain shot and killed two Iroquois chieftains, and earned for the French and their allied native nations the enmity of these fiercest of eastern warriors |
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| "upper counry" the land upriver from Montreal including lands around Lake Erie. The great majority of people living within the pays d'en haut were Algonquian speakers. This area grew with the growth of the fur trade. |
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| "some common conception of suitable ways of acting" came about because neither the Algonquins nor the French would give up their ways. Much of the process involved sterotypes such as "savages" for the indians and "manitous" for the Europeans. The middle ground "depended on the inability of both sides to gain their ends by force. Most importantly, the willingness of those who created it to justify their own actions in terms of what they perceived to be their partner's cultural premises. |
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The relationship between the French and the Alqonquians. "Indians conceptualize exchange in terms of generosity of a father to his children." They didn't complain when he was generous, just when he becdame less so. This was beneficial for French because gifts provided the French fur traders great control over Indian fur production.
-French took on the role of mediator among alconquin tribes
-Gifts. Alkonquin people didn’t see fur trade as commercial business, saw it as exchange of gifts |
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| ceremonial smoking pipe used by some Native American Nations |
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| the idea of returned service or gift giving. In the Indian and European relationship, reciprocity was important for continued relationships esp. in the Middle Group. ex: Father/son relationships |
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| important in Indian cultures; Indians used wampum and European goods as status symbols within the context of their cultures. Was important because represented social status within Indian tribes and important relationships. |
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| a person of white and Indian blood |
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| British company created in late 1600's that controlled much of the fur trade in North America for may centuries and was the largest landowner because of taking on Rupert's Land |
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| All the land that drained into the Hudson bay was chartered to the Hudson bay co. part of the fur trade. |
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| tangible good part of an economic transition. Something that is traded for profit. |
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| believed Indians were uncapable of taking care of themselves; much of John Marshall's decisions follow this idea, for ex: domestic dependent nations |
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| John Locke and his theory of government and property. He believed that no one may harm another because we are all the possessions of God and do not own ourselves. Justification for establishing government: to protect natural rights. |
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1.displacement: Indian people lost their land many times- Imerial policies, goals of the states, empires;
2.violence/warfare: Microscale (R. White), hybrid understandings were always imperfect and misunderstanding lead to a lot of interpersonal violence- greed, fighting over women; a lot of tension between colonists and Indians and cycles of violence arose from this- killings, racisms, (indian haters, white man haters) |
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| making better use of the land, increasing agriculture, use of domestic work animals, technologies like fences. |
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| represent improvements of the land/property in European view. used for property laws against natives who were using land "improperly." European's representation of ownership, rationalized that Indians could move else where since they didn't own land. |
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| to become "civilized" or changed to fit into white mainstream dociety. Natives should adopt ideas of religion and life, should be "Americans" |
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| recognizing Native peoples as own nations separate from US |
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| allowing natives to have their own ideas of government, culture, way of life, and respectfully not interfering |
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| Royal Proclamation of 1763 |
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| establishing boundry between English colonies and Indian country; gave the king control over land trades = no land grants west of bounty line; anyone already there had to move back; occurred to prevent indian/settler conflicts; highly disliked by settlers, they felt fenced in; impossible to enforce so illegal settlement occurred |
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| indian "reserve" created from Proclamation of 1763 |
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| Odawha war chief who feared lands would be taken by British after 1763 |
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| brilliant military Chawnee Chief; took Detroit in 1812 over territory issues; was the last stand of natives against European settlement; Americans filled up the Mississippi area, engulfing the tribes, which brought about the question of Indian sovereignty |
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| supreme court justice who decided on many court decisions related to Indian issues |
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| domestic dependent nations |
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| In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, John Marshall ruled that tribes were not foreign nations but could be known as domestic, dependent nations whose relationship to the US resembles that of a ward to his guardian. Could be suggested that this is the basis of the doctrine of the trustee relationship between govt and Indians |
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| 1830 policy of physically removing Indians from their homeland for more room to settle; would provide land elsewhere and would allow self-government; gov't argued that it was in the Indian's best interest |
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| As part of the Removal Act, Indians in GA/deep south were forced to a reservation in Oklahoma; Cherokee, creek, Seminole, and Choctaw suffered exposure disease and starvation causing many deaths |
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| "The Bureau of Indian Affairs is the lead federal agency charged with carrying out the United States' relationship with Indian tribal governments. It is also responsible for overseeing the trust obligations that the United States has to protect tribal property and resources." |
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| 1877: indians applied for/were put onto 160 acre land "plots"; if the land was not chosen, then it was assighned and the remaining land was sold by the US to outside buyers; ownership was only intended to last for 25 years and by then the reservation would be subject to state |
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| military force used to remove many plains Indians from "current" reservations to Louisiana Territory, in which Indians were not allowed to leave; effort was to assimilate and break up tribal bands |
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| "benevolent paternalism" according to John Marshall: indigenous people are imagined to be like children and thribal nations do not have full legal title to their land. the right to land because discovered it. three views: absolute (fed gov has unlimited power), expansive (inherernt right superimposed), pre-emptive (right to sell land first). Pre-emptive most valid. |
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| "the federal responsibility to protect or enhanceb tribal assets (including fiscal, natural, human, and cultural resources) through policy decisions and management actions." They believed that the trust doctrine was a moral obligation, not a legal one. |
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| gov. recognizes full sovereignty of Indians but claims unlimited power. three views: absolute (fed. gov has unlimited power), exclusive (congress had power), and preemptive (congress has more power than the states) last two most valid. ex: increase in jurisdiction; 19th century – major crimes act – could prosecute indians for committing major crimes, meant congress has the power. |
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| doctrine of reserved rights |
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| pre-existing rights "those rights that a trie never expressly gave up or surrendered, all rights are reserved except those specifically given up in a treaty or agreement. Congress-granted rights, tribes can exercise rights based on indigenous sovereignty. 2 foundations: tenth amendment and judicial decisions i.e. United States v. Winans |
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| doctrine of implied repeals |
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| having to do with the power to change or terminate treaties (termination of treaties=abrogation)implied repeal="the court acts to supersede an existing law/rulr/treaty provision without an express congressional directive to do so. IOW the Court presumes the power to act. |
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