Term
|
Definition
| an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe, that sought to mobilize the power of reason, in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted science and intellectual interchange and opposed superstition, intolerance, and abuses in church and state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an Oxford scholar, medical researcher and physician, political operative, economist and ideologue for a revolutionary movement, as well as being one of the great philosophers of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. He wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding which aims to determine the limits of human understanding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leading secular exponet of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law. Tyranny is better than chaos. Claimed life was, “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” Wrote Leviathan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a major impact on France and indeed all of Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. Old ideas about tradition and hierarchy - of monarchy, aristocracy and religious authority were abruptly overthrown by new Enlightenment principles of equality, citizenship and inalienable rights. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political and social system of France prior to the French Revolution. Under the regime, everyone was a subject of the king of France as well as a member of an estate and province. All rights and status flowed from the social institutions, divided into three orders: clergy, nobility, and others the Third Estate. There was no national citizenship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In pre-Revolutionary France, the representative assembly of the three "estates" or orders of the realm: the clergy and the nobility (both privileged minorities) as well as the Third Estate, which represented the majority of the people. Usually summoned by monarchs in times of crisis, the Estates General met at irregular intervals from the 14th century on; it was of limited effectiveness because the monarchy usually dealt with local Estates instead. It was called to court by Louis XVI, And then disbanded shortly thereafter by the king because The Estates called for a lowered ammount of spending and Louis declined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paper money issued by the National Assembly in France during the French Revolution. The *BLANKS* were issued after the confiscation of church properties in 1790 because the government was bankrupt. The government thought that the financial problems could be solved by printing certificates representing the value of church properties. *BLANKS* were used to successfully retire a significant portion of the national debt as they were accepted as legitimate payment by domestic and international creditors. Certain precautions not taken concerning their excessive reissue and co-mingling with general currency in circulation caused hyperinflation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the class that, in contrast to the proletariat or wage-earning class, is primarily concerned with property values.the social order that is dominated by the so-called middle class. In social and political theory, the notion of the bourgeoisie was largely a construct of Karl Marx (1818–83) and of those who were influenced by him. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a calendar created and implemented during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805. The new system was designed in part to remove all religious and royalist influences from the calendar, and was part of a number of larger attempt at decimalization in France. |
|
|
Term
| Committee of Public Safety |
|
Definition
| created by the National Convention in 1793. Originally consisting of nine members of the convention, it was formed as an administrative body to supervise and expedite the work of the executive bodies of the convention and of the government ministers appointed by the convention. Fixed bread prices and instigated the reign of terror. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was the government of France between the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804. By extension, the term The Consulate also refers to this period of French history. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organised by Babeuf and his followers aimed at provoking an armed uprising of the plebeian masses against the bourgeois regime of the Directory and establishing a revolutionary dictatorship as a transitional stage to “pure democracy” and “egalitarian communism.” The conspiracy was disclosed in May 1796. At the end of May 1797 its leaders were executed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (without knee britches) the radical militants of the lower classes; typically urban laborers. Though ill-clad and ill-equipped, they made up the bulk of the Revolutionary army during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was issued by Napoleon on November 21, 1806, following the French success against Prussia at the Battle of Jena. The decree forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and installed the Continental System in Europe. |
|
|
Term
| Confederation of the Rhine |
|
Definition
| a confederation of client states of the First French Empire. It was formed initially from 16 German states by Napoleon after he defeated Austria's Francis II and Russia's Alexander I in the Battle of Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg, in effect, led to the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine. It lasted from 1806 to 1813. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Napoleon Bonaparte’s army, main goal was to eliminate Britain, however it never achieved this because forces had to be redeployed to take care of the Austrian and Russian threat. Then the third Coalition formed against France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was voted on as the title of the third estate, and parts of the first and second estates that wanted to join. The group agreed they would not go home without first creating a Constitution. The National Assembly made its first step with the “Declaration of the Rights of Man”, saying that all men had natural rights. After the attack from the peasant women in Versailles, the National Assembly abolished the French nobility as a legal order and pushed a constitutional monarchy. Delegates of the NA were elected by the economic upper half of French males. The NA also passed more rights for women. The group also introduced the metric system and currecy called assignats, which used the church as collateral . They pursued economic liberty and enlightenment, as well as imposing religious freedom and nationalizing the Catholic church. However, this last action proved to be their fatal move, as it upsetted the people of France. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and the first President of the Committee of Public Safety. Danton's role in the onset of the Revolution has been disputed; many historians describe him as "the chief force in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic". A moderating influence on the Jacobins, he was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror after accusations of venality and leniency to the enemies of the Revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.
Robespierre was influenced by 18th-century Enlightenment philosophes such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu, and he was a capable articulator of the beliefs of the left-wing bourgeoisie. He was described as being physically unimposing yet immaculate in attire and personal manners. His supporters called him "The Incorruptible", while his adversaries called him dictateur sanguinaire (bloodthirsty dictator). |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
|
Definition
| Created by the National Assembly, stated that all men had natural rights. Said that you could do whatever you wanted, as long as it didn’t harm anyone else. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the estate’s list of grievance's. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| royal civil servants in France under the Old Regime. A product of the centralization policies of the French crown, intendants were appointed "commissions," and not purchasable hereditary "offices," which thus prevented the abuse of sales of royal offices and made them more tractable and subservient emissaries of the king. Intendants were sent to supervise and enforce the king's will in the provinces and had jurisdiction over three areas: finances, policing and justice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a French term for mass conscription during the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly for the one from 16 August 1793. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Succeeding his unpopular grandfather, ______ actively supported the Americans, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realized in the1783 Treaty of Paris. The example of the American Revolution and the financial crisis which followed France's involvement in the war were two of the many contributing factors to the French Revolution, which abolished the absolute monarchy in France and proclaimed a constitutional monarchy in 1791. While Louis XVI, as a constitutional king, enjoyed broad popularity among the population, his indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France to eventually view him as a symbol of the perceived tyranny of the Ancien Régime and his popularity deteriorated progressively. His disastrous flight to Varennes seemed to justify the rumors that the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the dubious prospects of foreign invasion. The credibility of the king was deeply undermined and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever increasing possibility. Suspended and arrested as part of the insurrection of 10 August 1792, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of high treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. In the meantime, the French Republic had been proclaimed the 22 September 1792, bringing to an end more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. Louis XVI is the only King of France ever to be executed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most famous and influential political club in the development of the French Revolution, so-named because of the Dominican convent where they met, located in the Rue St. Jacques , Paris. The club originated as the Club Benthorn, formed at Versailles from a group of Breton deputies attending the Estates General of 1789. There were thousands of chapters throughout France, with a membership estimated at 420,000. After the fall of Robespierre the club was closed. Initially moderate, the club later became notorious for its implementation of the Reign of Terror. To this day, the terms Jacobin and Jacobinism are used as pejoratives for radical, left-wing revolutionary politics. It should not be confused with Jacobitism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into "higher" and "lower" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were, effectively, clerical nobility, from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI, every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before the 18th century. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contained the nobles from the middle ages and middle class members that purchased titles. About 2% of the population was represented by the second estate. Lafayette was a member of this group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comprised all those not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 68% of France's population. The urban included the bourgeoisie, as well as wage-laborers (such as craftsmen). The rural had no wealth and yet were forced to pay disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights. In addition, the First and Second Estates lived off of the labor of the Third. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily(1806–1808), and later King of Spain (1808–1813, as José I). After the fall of Napoleon, Joseph styled himself Comte de Survilliers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. It was a large-scale embargo against British trade, which began on November 21, 1806. This embargo ended on April 11, 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the Committee of Public Safety to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Antoine Louis Léon de Saint-Just de Richebourg and several other leading members of the Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the French civil code, established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified. It was drafted rapidly by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on March 21, 1804. The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vote by which the people of an entire country or district express an opinion for or against a proposal especially on a choice of government or ruler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After defeat of the fourth coalition in Russia, Napoleon was removed as ruler from France. However, after hearing of political unrest and diplomatic tension, Napoleon returned to take back the throne. French officers and officials who had remained loyal to him once again assisted him in taking command. The allies were still united against Napoleon, and once again crushed his forces at Waterloo and imprisoned him on St. Helena, thus marking the end of the hundred days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich was a German-born Austrian politician and statesman and was one of the most important diplomats of his era. He served as the Foreign Minister of the Holy Roman Empire and its successor state, the Austrian Empire, from 1809 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a war between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war began when French and Spanish armies crossed Spain and invaded Portugal in 1807. Then, in 1808, France turned on its ally, Spain. The war lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sea battle fought between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French Navy and Spanish Navy, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). The battle was the most decisive British naval victory of the war. Twenty-seven British ships of the line led by Admiral Lord Nelson aboard HMS Victory defeated thirty-three French and Spanish ships of the line under French Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve off the south-west coast of Spain, just west of Cape Trafalgar. The Franco-Spanish fleet lost twenty-two ships, without a single British vessel being lost. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a five-man executive body chosen by the national Convention. They were considered radical since they kept the war effort going and no one had the opportunity to vote. They supported military expansion (employment, live off new territories, solve economic problems.) There was a general dissatisfaction by the people, and used they used the army to nullify elections and govern dictatorially. This group was ended by Napoleon when his dictatorship took over. This was a failed effort to establish a stable representative government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a French diplomat. He worked successfully from the regime of Louis XVI, through the French Revolution and then under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis-Philippe. Known since the turn of the 19th century simply by the name Talleyrand, he remains a figure that polarizes opinion. Some regard him as one of the most versatile, skilled and influential diplomats in European history, and some believe that he was a traitor, betraying in turn, the Ancien Régime, the French Revolution, Napoleon, and the Restoration. He is also notorious for turning his back on the Catholic Church after ordination to the priesthood and consecration to the episcopacy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Believed that public problems should be dealt with on a rational scientific basis. Believed in the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number. Wrote
Principles of Morals and Legislation. His principles were applied by Chadwick who became convinced that disease and death actually caused poverty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Agitation against poor laws-working class discontent attracted men who advocated strikes and violence. Its goals were 1) universal male suffrage; 2) a secret ballot; 3) no property qualification for members of Parliament; 4) pay members of Parliament (so poor men could serve); 5) constituencies of equal size; 6) annual elections for Parliament. The first five of these requests were met, but the sixth one never was. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1799-1800, made trade unionism illegal. The acts were passed under the government of William Pitt the Younger as a response to Jacobin activity and the fear that workers would strike during a conflict to force the government to accede to their demands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Pamphlet that was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels-basis of Socialism. It briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism, and then eventually communism. It was broken up into four parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| key ideas are planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property. Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Proudhon were all great French Utopian Socialists. Early thinkers were aware that political revolution in France, rise of Laissez Faire, and modern industry in Britain were transforming society. Based on the second part of the French Revolution. odd because France was behind in industrialization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Believed the key to progress was proper social organization and the was to build society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a very intelligent advocate of voting rights and peace. He wrote the Organization of Work, and believed the government should gaurentee no unemployment by backing workshops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conservative statesman and literary figure. Starting from comparatively humble origins, he served in government for three decades, twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Although his father had him baptised to Anglicanism at age 12, he was nonetheless Britain's first and thus far only Prime Minister who was born into a Jewish family originally from Italy. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846. Extended the vote to all middle class male workers, needed to broaden aristocratic voter base. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx. In 1845 he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research. In 1848 he co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx, and later he supported Marx financially to do research and write Das Kapital. After Marx's death Engels edited the second and third volumes. Additionally, Engels organized Marx's notes on the "Theories of Surplus Value" and this was later published as the "fourth volume" of Capital. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of poor relief which existed in England and Wales that developed out of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws before being codified in 1587–98. The Poor Law system was in existence until the emergence of the modern welfare state after the Second World War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Act which finally succeeded was proposed by the Whigs, led by the Prime Minister Lord Grey. It met with significant opposition from the Pittite factions in Parliament that had governed the country for so long .Nevertheless, as a result of public pressure, the bill was eventually passed. The Act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and took away seats from the rotten boroughs. The Act also increased the number of individuals entitled to vote, increasing the size of the electorate from about 400,000 to 650,000, and allowing a total of one out of six adult males to vote, in a population of some 14 million. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy. Advocate monarchism, are usually of a High Church Anglican or Recusant Catholic religious heritage, and are opposed to the radical liberalism of the Whig faction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests. Supported constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute rule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A German Philospher, father of socialism-emancipation of women, wrote the Communist Manifesto. Marx's thoughts on labour were related to the primacy he gave to the economic relation in determining the society's past, present and future. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An influential thinker, some of Fourier's social and moral views, held to be radical in his lifetime, have become main currents in modern society. Fourier is, for instance, credited with having originated the word feminism in 1837.Fourier declared that concern and cooperation were the secrets of social success. He believed that a society that cooperated would see an immense improvement in their productivity levels. Workers would be recompensed for their labors according to their contribution. Many of his ideas were heavily influenced by math. Criticized capitalism, wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. Wrote Theory of Four Movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Called himself an anarchist. Believed that property was theft. He analyzed the nature and problems of the capitalist economy. When he said property is theft, he was referring to the landowner or capitalist who he believed "stole" the profits from laborers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An 1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well. their abolition marked a significant step towards free trade. The Corn Laws enhanced the profits and political power associated with land ownership. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An act that was passed that limited the number of hours worked by women and children first in the textile industry, then later in all industries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In 1837, six Members of Parliament and six working men, including William Lovett, formed a committee, which then published the People's Charter in 1838. This stipulated the six main aims of the movement as:
A vote for every man twenty-one years of age, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for crime.
The secret ballot. - To protect the elector in the exercise of his vote.
No property qualification for members of Parliament - thus enabling the constituencies to return the man of their choice, be he rich or poor.
Payment of members, thus enabling an honest tradesman, working man, or other person, to serve a constituency, when taken from his business to attend to the interests of the Country.
Equal Constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing small constituencies to swamp the votes of large ones.
Annual parliaments, thus presenting the most effectual check to bribery and intimidation, since though a constituency might be bought once in seven years (even with the ballot), no purse could buy a constituency (under a system of universal suffrage) in each ensuing twelve-month; and since members, when elected for a year only, would not be able to defy and betray their constituents as now. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a piece of British legislation that enfranchised the urban male working class in England and Wales. Before the Act, only one million of the five million adult males in England and Wales could vote; the act doubled that number. In its final form, the Reform Act of 1867 enfranchised all male householders and compounding was also subsequently abolished in the process. However, there was little redistribution of seats; and what there was had been intended to help the Conservative Party. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. Watt attempted to commercialise his invention, but experienced great financial difficulties until in 1775 he entered a partnership with Matthew Boulton. The new firm of Boulton and Watt was eventually highly successful and Watt became a wealthy man. In retirement, Watt continued to develop new inventions though none were as significant as his steam engine work. He died in 1819 at the age of 83. Watt has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Emperor of the Russian Empire from March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. The first year of his reign was dedicated to Crimean War, when the war ended he was encouraged by the public for a period of radical reforms. This included an attempt to not depend on the land owning aristocracy to control the poor, to develop Russia’s natural resources, and to reform all branches of the administration. When he was finally assassinated the reforms were stopped and Alexander III took over as the new Tsar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the agreement (1867) that established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A speech given by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1862 about the unification of German territories. When Prussia was refusing to approve an increase in military spending, which was desired by King Wilhelm I, Wilhelm appointed Bismark as the Minister-President and Foreign-Minister. A couple days later, he appeared at Prussia’s Budget Committee to stress the need for preparedness. the quote “blood and iron” had become a popular description of the foreign policy because he did resort to war in an effective manner to aid the Unification and Germany and the growth of its continental power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the two chambers of Parliament in the federal council of Austrian Government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appointed the finance minister under Victor Emmanuel. They shared the goal of bringing together Northern Italy in order to make Sardinia-Piedmont stronger. Before cooperation with Emmanuel, Cavour had been attempting to unite Italy with Mazzini and Girbaldi. However, Mazzini’s death and Girbaldi’s escape to Africa, this attempt fell short of succeeding. Cavour believed that he could now bring together Italy by manipulating Austria into an attack on Sardinia-Peidmont. Cavour took his lead from the recent experiences of Britain and France, belonging to a new generation of European conservatives. Cavour’s attempt at war to unify upper Italy did not go as he had hoped. To add to this failure, Napoleon III signed a secret treaty with Austria and disgraced Cavour’s name, causing him to resign. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unified togetherness feeling of people in a country. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of secret revolutionists founded in early 19th century in Italy. They took part in events of the process of Italian Unification, including the Revolution of 1820, and in further development of Italian Nationalism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the German Confederation after a conference. They banned nationalist fraternities, removed liberal university professors, and expanded the censorship of the press. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of government where monarchs rule with limitations by the constitution, written or unwritten, and act as the head of state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The King of Piedmont-Sardinia from 1849 to 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy. This title hadn’t been seen since the 6th century. He held the throne until his death of 1871. He advised Cavour to join Britain and France in the Crimean War. During the Wars of Italian Unification Napoleon III was sickened by the casualties of War, so he secretly made a treaty with Austria were Austria would give Lombardy to France who would then pass it to Italy. After two failed attempts Garibaldi, Victor took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to capture Rome after France withdrew. He then made himself King of the newly united Italy, keeping his name Victor Emmanuel II instead of switching it to Victor Emmanuel I king of Italy. He died in Rome in 1878. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused France to declare the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870. The actual dispatch was an internal message from the Prussian King's vacationing site to Bismarck in Berlin, reporting demands made by the French ambassador; it was Bismarck's released statement to the press that became known as Ems Dispatch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Prussia was aided by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the French Third Republic. As part of the settlement, the territory of Alsace and part of Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I when it was returned to France in the Treaty of Versailles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It was the freely elected parliament for all of Germany. Produced the Frankfurt Constitution. the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. Session was held from May 18, 1848 to May 31, 1849 in the Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main. Its existence was both part of and the result of the "March Revolution" in the states of the German Confederation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nicknamed Soul of Italy, was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and fled Italy after a failed insurrection. He has been dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds" in tribute to his military expeditions in both South America and Europe. He is an Italian national hero and one of the central figures of the Risorgimento. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. It was based on a practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Garibaldi’s followers. Wore red shirts. Volunteered in Garibaldi’s army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A popularly elected parliament in Germany. They had very little power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Written in 1864 by Pope Pius IX, it denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state. It also attacked Pantheism, Naturalism, Absolute Rationalism, Moderate Rationalism, Indifferentism and false Tolerance in Religious matters, Socialism, Communism, Secret Societies, Bible Societies, Liberal Clerical Associations, and Errors regarding the Church and its rights, Errors on the State and its Relation to the Church, Errors on Natural and Christian Ethics, Errors on Christian Marriage, Errors on the Temporal Power of the Pope, Errors in Connection with Modern Liberalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A German statesman who unified Germany as a nation-state, made it a major player in world affairs, and created a balance of power that kept Europe at peace after 1871.
As Minister President of Prussia from 1862–1890, he oversaw the unification of Germany. In 1867 he became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. Bismarck designed the German Empire in 1871, becoming its first Chancellor and dominating its affairs until he was removed by Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II in 1890. His diplomacy of Realpolitik and powerful rule gained him the nickname the "Iron Chancellor". Bismarck became a hero to German nationalists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An economic custom union of German states, founded in 1834 by Prussia. It eliminated internal tariffs, and with the founding of the North German Confederation in 1866, it produced economic agreements with non-German states like Sweden and Luxembourg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in 1864 the government of Russia established a new institution of local assemblies called the zemstvos. It was instituted during the liberal reforms performed in imperial Russia by Alexander II of Russia. After the October Revolution of 1917, it was shut down in most of Russia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Members of the largely conservative Prussian landed aristocracy in the early 19th and 20th century. A class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italian period of history from 1815-1850. It was the political and social movement that brought the single states of the Italian peninsula into the one state of Italy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly (“Big Germans”). Favored unifying all German-speaking peoples under one state, and was promoted by the Austrian Empire and its supporters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The German question was a debate in the 19th century, especially during the Revolutions of 1848, over the best way to achieve the Unification of Germany. From 1815–1871, a number of 37 independent German-speaking states existed within the German Confederation. It sought only to unify the northern German states and did not include Austria; this proposal was favored by the Kingdom of Prussia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries. German Romantic idea, suggested by Herder, that each nation has its own particular "special genius". Thus, what is right for one nation may not be right for another nation, and, according to German Romantics and Nationalists, each "nation" should strive to express its individual _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He is primarily remembered for his foreign policy which aimed to get rid of the limitations put on France in 1815. He fought in the War of Italian Unification, against Austria, with Piedmont-Sardinia. His reign was a major period of industrialisation for the French economy. He oversaw a huge renovation of Paris that created the base of the modern city.
Louis Napoleon had 3 strong helping factors for being voted as the leader of France.
Had a positive program envisioned for France. He believed that the government should represent people and help them economically.
Was the nephew, and had the same name, as Napoleon Bonaparte
Universal male suffrage |
|
|
