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AHSGE - Social Studies
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195
Social Studies
11th Grade
05/31/2012
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Term
What did Johannes Gutenburg do?
 Definition
In 1450, Johann Gutenberg developed the printing press.
Term
What were the Crusades?
 Definition
The Crusades, which lasted about 250 years, were a series of military expeditions to retake the Holy Lands (Israel and parts of Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey) from the Turks who were Moslem (aka Muslim).
Term
What was the Renaissance?
 Definition
The word renaissance is French for rebirth.  Renaissance describes the intellectual and economic changes in Europe from the 1500s to the 1700s.  During this period of time, there was increased interest in learning about the world.
Term
What was the Reformation?  What led to it?
 Definition
The Reformation refers to the Protestant Reformation.  In the 1500s, many believers protested against rulse and practices of the Catholic Church in Rome.  The church practice of selling indulgences led directly to the Reformation.
Term
What does selling indulgences mean?
 Definition
Some people thought they would be punished or go to hell if they sinned.  They also believed that they could pay money to the Catholic Church (buy indulgences) and they would not be punished or go to hell.  In many cases, they bought the indulgences and then went out and committed the sin.
Term
Was the North American continent empty when the Europeans arrived?
 Definition

No.  Over time, many governments (French, English, Spanish, Dutch, Russian) claimed lands from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, but the land was never empty.  There were more than 100 Indian tribes that lived on or used the land to make a living for their families.
Term
Name at least three people associated with the exploration of the Louisiana Purchase Territory.
 Definition
  1. William Clark
  2. Meriwether Lewis
  3. Sacajawea

President Thomas Jefferson personally promoted this expedition.
Term
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem called "Paul Revere's Ride."  In the poem, why was Paul Revere riding at midnight on April 18, 1775?
 Definition
In the peom, Paul Revere was riding to warn the people in the towns of Lexington and Concord that the British troops were marching to the towns to destroy the military stores (guns, power, shot, cannons)
Term
What is westward expansion?
 Definition
Westward expansion is the term used to describe the movement of people from the eastern part of the U.S. all the way to the Pacific Ocean.  It also means that the U.S. government was able to acquire more land in the west by winning it in wars or by purchasing it.  Indian removal was also part of this expansion process.
Term
What was the U.S. law that avoided disputes about how lands in the West were divided and sold?  By west, we mean west of the Appalachian Mountains.
 Definition
The Land Ordinance of 1785 set up the process to survey and divide land.  The ordinance also set the price for the land.
Term
What does Manifest Destiny mean?
 Definition
Manifest Destiny is a phrase used by leaders and politicans in the 1840s to explain the continental expansion by the U.S.  The people of the U.S. felt it was their mission to extend the "boundaries of freedom" to others capable of self-government.
Term
Name four trails or roads west of the Mississippi.
 Definition

Four trails or roads to the west are the:

  1. Sante Fe Trail
  2. Oregon Trail
  3. Mormon Trail
  4. California Trail
Term
What was Texas Independence?
 Definition
The American settlers in Texas rebelled against Mexico and fought from 1832 to 1836.  On March 2, 1836, the Texans declared independence from Mexico.  Texas became a free and independent republic.  Later on Dec. 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state.  James K. Polk was president.
Term
What was the Mexican War?
 Definition
On April 25, 1846, the Mexican War between the U.S. and Mexico began with a Mexican attack on American troops along the southern border of Texas.  Fighting ended when the U.S. Gen. Winfield Scott occupied Mexico City on Sept. 14, 1847.  A treaty was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo on Feb. 2, 1848.
Term
What were the results of The Mexican War?
 Definition
At the end of the Mexican War, Mexico was defeated and recognized the U.S. annexation of Texas.  Mexico also gave up land in California and New Mexico (all of the present-day states of the Southwest) to the U.S.
Term
During the struggle for American independence, what American leader helped organize the Boston Tea Party, wrote speeches, and later signed the Declaration of Independence?
 Definition
Samuel Adams
Term
What does destabilization of Native American societies mean?
 Definition
Europeans weakened (destabilized) native American societies.  Many Native Americans caught European diseases and died.  Some tribes became dependent on trade and forgot their old ways of making a living.  Many lost control of their lives and the old STABLE belief and value systems were weakened or destroyed.
Term
Where is Jamestown?
 Definition
Jamestown is in Virginia.
Term
Name the professor who taught, researched, and invented at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.  His research developed 325 products from peanuts, 108 from sweet potatoes, and 75 from pecans.
 Definition
George Washington Carver was the teacher, researcher, and inventor who worked at Tuskegee, Alabama.
Term
What is a conquistador?
 Definition
A conquistador (conqueror) was a Spanish soldier sent by the king and queen to explore Spanish territory and conquer native people in the Americas.  They were particularly interested in gold, silver, and other valuables.
Term
Who was Thomas Jefferson?
 Definition

Thomaas Jefferson:

  1. wrote the Declaration of Independence.  
  2. He was the third president of the United States (1801-1809)
  3. He was the president when the Louisiana Purchase occured
  4. He personally sent Lewis and Clark to explore the land included int he Louisiana Purchase.
Term
What was the Virginia House of Burgesses?
 Definition
The Virginia House of Burgesses, established in 1619, was the first popularly elected legislature in the New World, the Americas.  The first order of business was setting a minimum price for the sale of tobacco.
Term
What is the French and Indian War?
 Definition
The French and Indian Was (1754-1763) was a series of battles fought between France and Great Britain in North America.  Among other things, they were fighting for control of disputed lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.  Each side had Indian allies that fought with them.  The English won.  The war was finally settled by the Treaty of Paris - 1763.
Term
What was the Boston Massacre?
 Definition
In 1770, British soldiers were stationed in Boston.  The people of Boston did not like this.  On the night of March 5, 1770, some colonists were harassing sldiers guarding the customs house.  Something happened and the troops fired into the crowd killing five people.  To stir up anti-British sentiment, this event was called the Boston Massacre.
Term
Where are the cities of Lexington and Concord located?
 Definition
Lexington and Concord are located in Massachusetts near Boston.
Term
Who was John Locke?
 Definition
John Locke (1632-1704) was an English philospher and writer.  According to Locke, the people have the right to give a government its authority.  The U.S. government is based upon this concept.
Term
What was the Second Continental Congress?
 Definition
The Second Continental Congress, a group of colonists, met on May 5, 1775.  This was after the battles of Lexington and Concord.  A Continental Army was established and George Washington was named the Commander-in-Chief.  This congress passed a "Declaration of Cause of Taking up Arms" and this group of colonists acted as a national government throughout the war.
Term
What is the major difference between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of the United States?
 Definition
The Consstitution of the United States is different from the Articles of Confederation because it creates a stronger national government.  The Articles of Confederation gave more power to the states.
Term
What were the issues debated while the Constitution of the United States was being written?
 Definition

The issues debated while the Constitution of the United States was being written include:

  • inclusion of slaves in population counts
  • balance of representation for large and small states in Congress
  • strength of the national government
Term
What was the First Continental Congress?
 Definition
The First Continental Congress, representatives of the colonies, met in Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. Every colony except Georgia sent a representative.  They met in secret and wrote a petition to King George III demanding that the Intolerable Acts be repealed.
Term
What were the Intolerable Acts?
 Definition

The Coercive Act of 1774 (Intolerable Acts) was passed by the British to punish the colonists.  The act includes:

  • the Boston Port Bill, 
  • the Massachusetts Government Act 
  • the Administration of Justice Act
  • the Quartering Act
  • the Quebec Act
Term
What is separation of powers?
 Definition
The separation of powers devised by the framers of the Constitution was designed to prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist.  The separation of powers is also knows as Checks and Balances.  The three branches of government were created in the Constitution.  Each of these brances has certain powers, and each of these powers is limited by another branch.
Term
What are the three branches of the U.S. government?
 Definition

The three branches of the United States government are:

  • Executive
  • Legislative
  • Judicial
Term
Who wrote the following:  When...Men have, by consent (permission) of every individual, made a Community, they have thereby made that Community...with a  Power to Act as one Body, which is only by the will and determination of the majority.
 Definition
This passage is from the Second Treatise of Government by John Locke, 1690.
Term
What issue was at the center of the political differences of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton?
 Definition
Thomas Jefferson and Alexander hamilton differed on federal power.  Hamilton wanted the federal government to be stronger.  Jefferson wanted more rights to remain with the state and the individual.
Term
Who was Alexander Hamilton?
 Definition
Alexander Hamilton fought in the Revoluntionary War and became George Washington's secretary and aide-de-camp.  He was a delegate at the Constitutional Convention.  In 1789, Hamilton became the first U.S. Secretary of Treasury.  In 1804, he was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.
Term
Who was John Marshall?
 Definition
John Marshall (1755-1835) was the 3rd Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. He served from 1801 to 1835.  Marshall believed in a strong federal government.
Term
What was Marbury v. Madison?
 Definition
Marbury v. Madison was a court case brought before the Supreme Court.  In this case, Chief Justice John Marshall declared for the first time that the Supreme Court would be the government organization that would decide the constitutionality of laws passed by the U.S. Congress.
Term
What was Washington's Farewell Address?
 Definition
Washington's Farewell Address is a written speech printed in the Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser, Philadelphia, Sept. 19, 1796.  It has two parts.  The first refuses a third term as president.  The second part presents his thoughts on the new government.
Term
What is the name of the legislative branch of the U.S. government?
 Definition
The legislative branch of the U.S. government is the U.S. Congress.
Term
What are the names of the two houses of the U.S. Congress?
 Definition
The two parts or houses of the U.S. Congress are the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives.
Term
What is the title of the most powerful person in the executive branch of the U.S. government?
 Definition
The President of the United States is the head of the executive branch of the U.S. government.
Term
What is a compromise?
 Definition
A compromise is an agreement in which each side gives up some demands or makes concessions.
Term
In the Constitution, an amendment can have another name.  What is it?
 Definition
In the Constitution, another word for amendment is article.
Term
Social Contact Theory:  government receives its authority from the people, and is given powers to maintain order and protect its citizens.  What does this mean?
 Definition
Supportors of the social contract theory would most likely agree that the theory allows citizens to change their government.
Term
What do Articles I-III of the U.S. Constitution establish?
 Definition

Article I establishes the legislative branch.

Article II establishes the executive branch.

Article III establishes the judicial branch.

The details of these article sprovide for the separation of powers.
Term
What is the elastic clause?  What is its main purpose?
 Definition
The elastic clause of the Constitution is Article I, section 8.  It states that Congress has the authority to make all laws necessary and proper for setting up or using the powers given to the federal government by the Constitution.  This elastic clause gives Congress additional powers not described in the constitution.
Term
According to the Article X of the U.S. Constitution, who has all the power that is not named in the Constitution?
 Definition
Article X states that any power not granted to the federal government belongs to the states or the people.
Term
Name the four freedoms provided by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
 Definition

The four freedoms provided for by the First Amendment are:

  1. freedom of speech
  2. freedom of the press
  3. right to petition
  4. the right to assemble peacefully
Term
What does the right to petition mean?
 Definition
The U.S. Constitution makes it legal for citizens to make requests (petitions) to Congress, state governments and legislatures, and the courts at any level.  Individuals and groups of citizens and corporations may lobby for laws and policies that favor them.
Term
What was the main purpose of the Black Codes and the Jim Crow Laws?
 Definition
The main purpose of the Black Codes and the Jim Crow Laws was to limit the rights of African Americans.
Term
What were the Black Codes?
 Definition
Black Codes was the name given to laws passed by Southern governments established during the presidency of Andrew Johnson (1865-1869).  These laws imposed restrictions on freed slaves such as prohibiting the right to vote and forbidding them from serving on juries.
Term
What were the Jim Crow Laws?
 Definition
In the South, during the 1870s and the 1880s, it was not uncommon for blacks and whites to use the same public facilities.  However, the Supreme Court decisions began to strip away the gains of Reconstruction, which led the way for the creation of Jim Crow laws.  Jim Crow Laws were laws that imposed racial segregation.  These laws sprouted up in the late 1880s and lasted until the 1960s.
Term
What are the dates of the American Revolution or Revolutionary War?
 Definition
The American Revolution (Revolutionary War) was fought from the Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 to the Treaty of Paris in 1783.  Actually there was some fighting in 1774, but independence had not been declared.
Term
What was the Boston Tea Party?
 Definition
In December 1773, Massachusetts patriots dressed as Mohawk Indians and protested the British Tea Act by dumping crates of tea into the Boston Harbor.  This protest was called the Boston Tea Party.  The British Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies.
Term
Who was George Washington?
 Definition
George Washington (1732-1799) was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia.  He was a planter, farmer, surveyor, soldier, and the 1st President of the United States.
Term
Why do we remember Patrick Henry?
 Definition
Patrick Henry (1736-1799) was a lawyer and patriot from hanover County, Virginia.  His most famous speech was given March 23, 1775 and the famous line from that speech was "I know not course what others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death."
Term
Who was Paul Revere?
 Definition
Paul Revere (1734-1818) was a goldsmith/silversmith and American patriot who lived in Boston.  During the Revolutionary period, he was a courier for the Boston Committe of Correspondence and the Massachusetts Committee of Safety.  He carried messages back and forth from the Continental Congress in Philadelphia to Boston.  He spread the word of the Boston Tea Party to New York and Philadelphia.
Term

What did this cartoon protest?

[image]

 Definition
This cartoon was created by the American colonists in the late 1760s to protest the Stamp Act.  The Stamp Act taxed stamps sold by Great Britain (England) to the colonists.  All business papers had to have stamps to be legal.
Term
What is important about the following places? Trenton, Saratoga, Yorktown, Bunker Hill
 Definition
Trenton, Sarartoga, Yorktown, and Bunker Hill were places where major battles of the American Revolution were fought.
Term
What was the first major battle of the American Revolution?
 Definition
The first major battle of the war for American independence was at Bunker Hill.
Term
Why was the Treaty of Paris 1783 important?
 Definition
The Treaty of Paris 1783 officially ended the Revolutionary War.  This teaty formalized Britain's recognition of the United States of American as an independent nation and defined its territory.
Term
What is the major cause of the American colonists declaring independence?
 Definition
One major cause of the American colonists' declaring independence was taxing the colonies without their consent.
Term
What was the (Missouri) Compromise of 1820?
 Definition
In 1819, Missouri wanted to become a state.  At that time, there were an equal number of slave and free states and the balance of power was equal.  The Compromise of 1820 allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state and Maine as a free state.  With the exception of Missouri no new slave state could be made in the Louisiana Purchase north of 36˚ 20' N latitude.
Term
Why was Missouri's request to become a state important?
 Definition
When Missouri requested to become a state, there were equal slave and free states.  Missouri wanted to enter the union as a slave state.  This would give the slave states more votes in Congress and more power to pass laws that they wanted.
Term
What was impressment?
 Definition
It was called impressment when the British navy stopped U.S. ships and took U.S. sailors.  These sailors were put to work on British ships.  Impressment was one of the major causes of the War of 1812.
Term
In the War of 1812, what nation did the U.S. fight?
 Definition
The U.S. fought Great Britain in the War of 1812.
Term
What is the Era of Expansion?
 Definition

The era of expansion in the U.S. was a time when:

  • the country got new territory
  • built trancontinental railroad lines, and
  • grew big cities.  

Monopolies tended to develop and working and living conditions were often poor.
Term
What happened in the U.S. between 1783 and 1853?
 Definition
From 1783 to 1853, the U.S. got more territory (land), there was a period of economic development, settlements extended westward, and there was a growing division between sections of the country.
Term
What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?
 Definition
The Land Ordinance of 1785 set up the process to sell land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River called the Northwest Territory.  It provded for the survey of the land and also set the price.
Term
Who were Lewis and Clark?
 Definition
Lewis and Captain Meriwether Lewis.  Clark was Captain William Clark.  They were the leaders of the Corps of Discovery, formed to explore the territory of the Louisiana Purchase.
Term
What was the Lewis and Clark Expedition?
 Definition
The Lewis and Clark expedition was a group of people called the Corps of Discovery (35 people).  This group, led by Lewis and Clark, was sent by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase land.  The trip from 1804 to 1806 was approximately 3,700 miles long.
Term
Who was Henry Clay?
 Definition
Henry Clay (1777-1852) was secretary of state under Pres. John Quincy Adams.  His genius in the art of compromise three times solved bitter political conflicts that threatened to tear the nation apart.  He was called The Great Pacificator.
Term
What was Henry Clay's American System?
 Definition

Clay's American System was a plan:

  1. to make a domestic improvements at national expense, 
  2. enact a protective tariff, 
  3. establish a national bank, and 
  4. cooperate with South American patriots to enhance the U.S. position of leadership in the Western Hemisphere.
Term
What was the Trail of Tears?
 Definition
The Trail of Tears is the name given to a ten-year period in which over 70,000 Indians had to give up their homes and lands east of the Mississippi and move to assigned areas (reservations) in Oklahoma.  The trail runs through north Huntsville.
Term
In 1848, gold was discovered on the Pacific coast of the U.S.  Thousands of people rushed to the gold fields.  Where did they go and what were they called?
 Definition
Gold was discovered in the present-day California in January 1848.  By 1849, thousands (nearly 100,000) of people were rushing to the gold fields.  These people were called "Forty Niners."
Term
What act is considered the first turning point in favor of the Allies during WWI?
 Definition
During WWI, the first turning point in favor the Allies was the halt of the German army on its march to Paris.
Term
Name four things that happened in the U.S. in the 1920s.
 Definition

In the 1920s in the U.S., the following was happening:

  1. the first commercial radio broadcasts
  2. widespread use of automobiles
  3. rising popularity of jazz music
  4. the growth of Harlem Renaissance
Term
What is the Harlem Renaissance?
 Definition
The Harlem Renaissance was a period of African-American artistic accomplishment.  In the 1920s, the Harlem neighborhood of New York City became the center of African American cultural life.
Term
What was the Lost Generation?
 Definition
The Lost Generation was a goup of writers who responded to the terrible death and destruction of WWI.  These writers expressed their horror of war and their dislike of postwar society.
Term
How does a farm economy collapse?
 Definition
A farm economy collapse means that people who work and live on farms can no longer earn a living.  Farmers borrow money in good times.  In bad times, they can't pay it back to the bank and they lose their land.  Bad times may occur after a war, a flood, a drought, or a new economic practice enacted by a government.
Term
What were the effects of WWI in the U.S.?
 Definition
After WWI, the economy scaled back and many people lost jobs.  Workers went on strike.  An anticommunist fear called the Red Scare swept the U.S.  The gap between the rich and poor grew.  Cars became cheaper and there were weekend traffic jams.
Term
What was the U.S. Supreme Court case that declared segregated schools to be unconstitutional?
 Definition
` (1954) was the U.S. Supreme Court case that declared segregated schools to be unconstitutional.
Term
What was Austria-Hungary?
 Definition
Austria-Hungary was a monarch in central Europe from 1867 to 1918.  It included Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and parts of Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Italy.
Term
Who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
 Definition
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary.  On June 28, 1914, he and his wife Sophie were visiting Sarajevo, a city in Bosnia.  As they rode through the city in an open carriage, an assasin stepped out and killed the couple.  The Serbs, an ethnic group, were upset because Austria-Hungary had annexed Bosnia in 1908.  This event started WWI.
Term
Why was John T. Scopes arrested in 1925?
 Definition
In 1925, John T. Scopes, a teacher, was arrested in Tennessee for teaching the theory of evolution.  He was tried (The Monkey Trial) and convicted of violating a state law against teaching Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and evolution.
Term
Who were the allies of the U.S. during WWI?
 Definition
During WWI, the allies of the U.S. were France, Great Britain, and Russia.
Term
Why did Pres. Woodrow Wilson want the League of Nations?
 Definition
Pres. Woodrow Wilson wanted the League of Nations MAINLY as a means to remove the threat of future wars.  The failure of the League of Nations led to the establishment of the United Nations.
Term
What is the Industrial Revolution?
 Definition
The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing.  Before this time, machines were powered by human or animal muscles.
Term
What was the Sacco and Vanzetti Trial?
 Definition
Two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were arrested for robbery and murder in Massachusetts.  Due to the fact that they were foreigners and political radicals, the case took on a life of its own.  The two were sentenced to death and executed on August 23, 1927.
Term
What is the Columbian Exchange?
 Definition
The Columbian Exchange is the concept that Europeans and the Native Americans were exposed to and swapped and used plants and animals new to each of them.  Foods native to North America were introduced to other parts of the World.  They also caught new diseases from each other.
Term
Name some of the technological innovations after WWI.  
 Definition

After WWI (1914 - 1918), there were many new innovations.  Some innovations included:

  1. advances in aviation
  2. automobiles
  3. communication
  4. home appliances
Term
Why did the United States reject the League of Nations?
 Definition
The league of Nations was established by the Treaty of Versailles (1919).  Many Americans, including many senators, feared involvement in the League of Nations would drag the U.S. into more international conflicts, like WWI.
Term
What is the Fair Labor Standards Acts?
 Definition
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was part of FDR's new deal legislation.  The Fair Labor Standards Act banned child labor and set a minimum wage.
Term
What is malnutrition?  How is related to the Great Depression?
 Definition
Malnutrition is the lack of food or the lack of a balanced diet.  Malnutrition was a fact of life for many men, women, and children during The Great Depression.  Many of the effects of malnutrition remained with them even after they had a well-balanced diet.
Term
What happened at the Munich Conference?
 Definition
After WWI, Zxechoslovakia was created out of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire.  The Sudetenland was part of this new country but more than 1/2 of its population was Germans.  Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland by handed over to Germany.  At the Munich Conference of 1938 - without consulting the Czechs - Germany, Britain, France, and Italy agreed that Germany be given the Sudenland immediately.
Term
Where is Stalingrad?
 Definition
During WWII, Stalingrad (Volgograd) was a city in the Soviet Union.  In 1842 Hitler invaded.  The Battle of Stalingrad was fought Aug. 19, 1942 to Feb. 2, 1843.  Stalingrad was the turning point on the Eastern Front.  The Soviets pushed the Germans out.
Term
During WWII, where were the Japanese in the U.S. interned?
 Definition
During WWII, Japanese in the U.S. were placed in internment camps scattered all over the interior West.  Many camps were located in isolated areas of Arizona, California, Utah, idaho, Colorado, and Wyoming.  More than half of these people were American citizens.
Term
What was the Nazi Party?
 Definition
The Nazi Party, Nation Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP), was a German political party.  In 1919, the German Workers' party was a gang of unemployed WWI soldiers.  Hitler joined, became leader, changed the party name, and by 1933 the partry was the legal government of Germany.
Term
What does the term "stock market speculation" mean?
 Definition
Stock market speculation refers to gambling on the stock parket.  This was one reason for The Depression.  People invested in stock without investigating the companies businesses.  they expected to buy stock, sell it right away and get rich.  Ordinary working people borrowed money to buy stock.  They gambled.
Term
What is a territory?
 Definition
In the U.S., a territory is aland that has not met the qualifications to become a state or the citizens have not requested to become a state.
Term
How are the following terms related:  bootleggers, 18th Amendment, and speakeasies?
 Definition
Bootleggers, 18th Amendment, and speakeasiers are all terms related to prohibition.  The 18th Amendment made it illegal to make, distribute, or sell alcohol.  Bootleggers were people who made and/or distributed illegal liquor.  Speakeasies were clubs that sold illegal liquor.
Term
What do the terms Red Scare or Red Hysteria mean?
 Definition
The term Red Scare or Red Hysteria refers to the fear of the growth of coomunism in the U.S.
Term
What is the Great Awakening?
 Definition
The Great Awakening is the time between the 1730s and the 1770s when the American colonists became very interested in religion.  People went to church meetings called revivals.  Preachers traveled around preaching and starting new churches.  Seminaries were established to train clergymen.
Term
What is a communist?
 Definition
Communists are people who believe there should be no private ownership of property.  Communists waged a successful revolution in Russia in 1917.  In 1919-20, an anti-communist fear, the Red Scare, swept the U.S.  The Red Scare led to a hatred of foreigners.
Term
Define fascism.
 Definition
Fascism is a system of military dictatorship that first arose in Italy in the 1920s.
Term
What is a reservation?
 Definition
In 1861, the U.S. government created reservations.  Reservations are areas of federal land set aside for Native Americans.  Indians were expected to stay on their reservation lands.  The Bureau of Indian Affairs operates the reservations.
Term
What country established Jamestown?
 Definition

Great Britain

 

English colonists established Jamestown.
Term
What are reparations?  How does this term relate to WWI?
 Definition
Reparations are payments for the costs and damages of war.  In 1918, the treaty that ended WWI, the Treaty of Versailles, demanded reparations from Germany.
Term
What was the League of Nations?
 Definition
The proposed League of Nations was an international congress of countries whose members would work together to solve international conflict and prevent wars.  Pres. Woodrow Wilson wrote the Covenant for the League of Nations (1919), but the U.S. Congress rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the U.S. did not join the League of Nations.
Term
What is the Roaring Twenties?
 Definition
Despite the conflict, for many Americans the 1920s were roaring fun.  There was an economic boom.  Music and sports were on radio and by 1927 the movies were "talkies."  Women used makeup and wore short hair and short dresses.  Jazz was the new music.  Millions onwed cars, radios, and electric appliances.  People visited clubs and diners.  There were service stations and motor hotels.
Term
What were some of the consequences of WWI?
 Definition

As a result of WWI:

  • more than 8 million men dies (125,000 U.S.)
  • 21 million were wounded (234,000 U.S.)
  • 8.7 million were prisoner or missing (4,500 U.S.)
  • Approximately, 65 million men were mobilized world-wide, including 4.4 million Americans.
Term
What is meant by the Jazz Age?
 Definition
Musical and literary artists made an important contribution to the culture of the U.S.  The decade of the 1920s is known as the Jazz Age because people listened to jazz, a type of music with its origins in the African American culture.
Term
Who was W.C. Handy?
 Definition
W.C. Handy was born in Florence, AL on November 16, 1873.  In 1900, Handy was hired as a teacher at Alabama A & M in Normal, AL.  Later, Handy resigned from the college and formed a touring minstrel group.  He based this group in Memphis and began developing, writing, and publishing a kind of music called "the blues."  W.C. Handy is sometimes called "the Father of the Blues" because he introduced a new style of music to the world.
Term
What were some of the costs of WWI?
 Definition

WWI was very costly.

  • 8.6 million solderis killed
  • 21 million soldiers wounded
  • 20-40 million civilians dead from food shortages
  • influenza pandemic in 1918
  • inflation in Germany and Japan in the 1920s
  • a World Depression during the 1930s
Term
What was/is the KKK?
 Definition
The KKK is the Ku Klux Klan.  It was created in 1866 by a group of white southerners in Tennessee.  This secret society opposed African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote, and used violence and terror to frighten and discourage them.  By the mid-1870s, new laws had been passed and the Klan was no longer an organized threat.  The Klan and its threat have re-emerged many times through the years since 1866.
Term
Who was Montesquieu?
 Definition
Charles de Montesquieu (1689-1755) was a French writer and publicist.  From his writings, came the concept of three brances of government (executive, legislative, judicial).  The three branches of government would provide for the separation of powers.
Term
Who was Margaret Sanger?
 Definition
Margaret Sanger found the American birth control movement.  In 1916, she opened the first family-planning clinic in Brooklyn.  In 1921, she founded the American Birth Control League, which would later become the Planned Parenthood Federation.  Sanger's crusade to legalize birth control spurred the women's liberation movement.
Term
Who was Zelda Fitzgerald?
 Definition
Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald, a writer, was the daughter of an AL Supreme Court Justice.  She lived in Montgomery, AL where she met F. Scott Fitzgerald, a writer.  They married in 1920 and lived a life of fun, wildness and glamour during the era Mr. Fitzgerald called "The Jazz Age."
Term
In the 1920s and 1930s, why did many blacks migrate to northern cities?
 Definition
Migration is the movement of people from one region to another.  During the 1920s and 1930s, blacks moved from the rural South to the industrialized cities in the North.  They were looking for jobs, more opportunities, and a better life.
Term
Name some problems of the 1920s.
 Definition

In the U.S., problems during the 1920s were related to:

  • poverty
  • unorganized labor force
  • decline in farm incomes
  • invalidation of anti-child labor laws
  • prohibition
  • racism
Term
What is an armistice?
 Definition
On November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice (truce) with the Allies.  From 1926 to 1954, the Veteran's Day holiday was known as Armistice Day.
Term
Who was Felix Frankfurter?
 Definition
Felix Frankfurter (1882-1965) was a lawyer of Jewish descent, born in Vienna, Austria.  He studied law at the Harvasrd Law School.  He helped found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).  In 1939, Frankfurter was appointed as a U.S. Supreme Court Justice by Pres. FDR.  Frankfurter was a strong supporter of individual civil rights.
Term
What happened in WWI that caused WWII?
 Definition
The harsh treatment of Germany at the end of WWI was one of the causes of WWII.  Germany lost land, had to pay reparations, and was forced to admit guilt for the war.  Also, the League of Nations failed to keep the peace and bring about disarmament.
Term
What was the Great Depression?
 Definition
The Great Depression was a serious, whole-wide economic decline that began with the crash of the U.S. stock market in 1929.  Things that contributed to the economic depression were the unequal distribution of wealth and extensive stock market speculation.  Americans also came to rely on credit sales and luxury spending and investment from the the wealthy.
Term
What was the New Deal?
 Definition

The New Deal was FDR's plan for helping the U.S. economy during the Great Depression.  The New Deal was a series of laws designed to:

  • insure bank deposits 
  • provide public assistance to families
  • support farmers, and 
  • employ people on federal projects
Term
What was the Emanicpation Proclamation?
 Definition
The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Pres. Lincoln on January 1, 1863.  The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free."  This proclamation was limited to only areas of the former Confederacy.
Term
What does the term "disparity in income" mean?
 Definition
Extreme "disparity in income" means that a few people are wealthy beyond wildest dreams and others do not have enough to eat or a place to sleep. There are no middle income people. Every one is extremely wealthy or hopelessly poor. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
Term
Who ran the concentration camps in Europe?
 Definition
From 1933 to 1945, Germany under Hitler established and ran concentration camps. From 1933 to 1939 the camp system was haphazard. In 1938, SS authorities began to use the labor of prisoners to make money. In 1939, the war provided an excuse to ban releases from the camps. Also in 1939, the camps became sites for the mass murder of targeted groups considered dangerous for political or racial reasons.
Term
Name some causes of the Great Depression.
 Definition
The Great Depression was caused by the fact that many farmers and businesses expanded during WWI and then there was no place to sell their products after the war ended. In the U.S. there was an unequal distribution of wealth; some had millions and others could barely afford to eat. Many people gambled on the stock market. They bought stock on credit and when the stock market prices fell on October 29, 1929, these people lost everything.
Term
What is the Dust Bowl?
 Definition
In the 1930s, there was a drought in the U.S. Plains states.  The wind blew clouds of dust and people could hardly breathe.  Dry soil piled up around houses and buildings.  Many farmers lost their land when banks foreclosed.  People could not make a living and they left the land.  By 1940, 2.5 million people moved out of the Plains states.  The drought-stricken area was called The Dust Bowl.  The drought was one of the causes of the Great Depression.
Term
How are the Dust Bowl, the Southern Appalacian region, and the Tennessee Valley related?
 Definition
The Dust Bowl, Southern Appalachian region, and Tennessee Valley are areas of the U.S. that were/are very poor.  The people in these areas really suffered during the Great Depression of the 1930s.  These ares did not begin to recover until the 1950s.
Term
What was the Hoover Administration?
 Definition
The Hoover Administration refers to Heerbert Hoover's term (1929-1933) as president of the U.S.  Hoover acted slowly to help the economy and the American people.  He cut taxes and increased government spending, but he did not believe in direct relief such as food, clothing, shelter, and money.
Term
Who was FDR?
 Definition
FDR was Pres. Franklin Delano Roosevelt.  He was elected president in 1932 in the middle of the Great Depression.  He immediately began to push the Congress to enact laws to help the U.S. reestablish a healthy economy.
Term
What is the FDIC?
 Definition
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures money deposited in banks.  If a bank goes bankrupt, this insurance will repay people who have money deposited in the failed bank.  The FDIC is part of FDR's New Deal designed to restart the economy.
Term
What is the LNRB?
 Definition
The National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) was part of FDR's New Deal.  This legalized closed shops where only union members could work and collective bargain.  This act also set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce its provisions.
Term
What is the WPA?
 Definition
The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was part of FDR's New Deal from 1935 to 1943.  It provided jobs for 8 million Americans.  The WPA constructed or repaired schools, hospitals, airfields, etc.  This act decreased unemployment throughout the country.  Some old Huntsville residents joked that WPA really meant, "We Piddle Around."
Term
What is the CCC?
 Definition
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was an environmental program that put 2.5 million unmarried men to work.  They maintained and restored forests, beaches, and parks.  Workers earned $1 a day, free board, and job training.  There was a CCC camp on Monte Sano Mountain.
Term
What is the name of the highest or most powerful organization in the judicial branch of the U.S. government?
 Definition
The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest or most powerful organization in the judicial branch of the U.S. government.
Term
What were the fireside chats?
 Definition
After FDR became president, he tried to keep the American people informed and calm their fears.  Roosevelt used the radio to talk directly to the people.  These talks came to be known as fireside chats.  During these chats, Roosevelt discussed the banking crisis, the New Deal Programs, national conditions, international affairs, and the WWII effort.
Term
What were some of the effects of the Great Depression in the U.S.?
 Definition

The Great Depression in the U.S. led to:

  • massive unemplopyment
  • homelessness
  • poverty
  • destruction of families
  • the loss of farms and other properties
  • women and children worked for food, clothing and shelter when the men lost their jobs or left home
Term
What is the Social Security Act?
 Definition

The Social Security Act was part of FDR's New Deal.  This act set up:

  • old-age pensions for workers
  • survivor's benefits for victims of industrial accidents
  • unemployment insurance
  • aid for mothers and children, the blind, and the physically disabled
Term
How many years did FDR service as President of the U.S.?  How many times was he elected?
 Definition
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected Pres. of the U.S. for four terms (16 years).  FDR died before the end of his fourth term.  He served from 1933-1945.  At his death, he was replaced by Vice-Pres. Harry S. Truman.
Term
How are the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Social Security, National Labor Relations Board, Works Progress Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Fair Labor Standards Act related?
 Definition
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Social Security, National Labor Relations Board, Works Progress Administration, the Civilian Conservaiton Corps, and the Fair Labor Standards Act are part of FDR's New Deal.  These acts were designed to help the U.S. recover from The Great Depression.
Term

The following is a quote from Herbert Hoover:

 

Victory over this depression...will be won by the resolution of our people to fight their own battles in their own communities...by taking new courage to be masters of their own destiny in the struggle of life.

 

What did he mean?

 Definition
Based on this passage, Pres. Hoover most likely believed that some problems brought about by the Great Depression could BEST be solved by relying on individuals to solve their own problems.
Term
What does the term liberation of concentration camps mean?
 Definition
German concentration camps were liberated and the remaining prisoners were freed when the Allied Armies moved into Germany.  Toward the end of the fighting many of the camp guards killed prisoners and/or fled, leaving the inmates to take care of themselves.
Term
What do you do when you divert a river?
 Definition
A river is diverted when a new channel is formed and the river devleops a new steam bed.  A river may be diverted by some natural event such as a flood.  A river can also be diverted by a government agency such as the U.S. Corp or Engineers.  Sometimes rivers are diverted as flood control measures.
Term
What is drought?
 Definition
Drought is the lack of rain over a long period of time.  During times of drought, there is not enough rainfall to grow food or cash crops.  Even wild plants and animals die from lack of water.
Term
What was D-Day?
 Definition
June 6, 1944 was D-Day.  D-Day was the code name of the day the Allied Armies (200,000 men) invaded the beaches of Normandy, France.  The plans for this invasion were code-named "Operation Overlord."
Term
Name a number of items that were rationed in the U.S. during WWII.
 Definition

During WWII, the following items or materials were rationed in the U.S.:

  • meat
  • butter
  • coffee
  • tea
  • ethyl alcohol
  • gas
  • silk
  • nylon
  • rayon
  • cotton
  • wool

All of the materials were needed to support the war effort.
Term

When did Alabama become a state?

Who was president at the time?

 Definition

Alabama became a state December 14, 1819.

James Monroe was president at the time.
Term
What is a run on a bank?
 Definition
There is said to be a run on a bank when the depositors lose faith in that bank and everyone rushes to withdraw their money.  Since banks do not store all of the deposited money at the local bank, all depositors can not get to their money immediately and this fuels greater panic. A run on the bank was more like to occur before the FDIC was enacted.
Term
During WWII, who was the Emperor of Japan?
 Definition
During WWII, Emperor Hirohito (1926 - 1989) was the emperor of Japan.  Japanese emperors are hereditary monarchs.  The eldest son becomes king when his father dies.  The emperors are no longer considered to be diving (god on earth).
Term
At the end of WWI and WWII, what was the initial response of the U.S. government?
 Definition
At the end of both WWI and WWII, the initial policy of the U.S. was to remain neutral.
Term
What do Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, and George S. Patton have in common?
 Definition
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, and George S. Patton were all U.S. Army Generals during WWII.  MacArthur was in the Pacific and Eisenhower and Patton were in Europe.
Term
Name the big four WWII Allies.
 Definition

The big four WWII Allies were:

  • Great Britain
  • U.S. 
  • France
  • Soviet Union
Term
What is the significance of this date: December 7, 1941?
 Definition
Sunday, December 7, 1941 is the day Japan bombed the U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.  Nearly four thousand people were killed or wounded.  Twenty-one ships were sunk or damaged.  More than 300 planes were destroyed or damaged.
Term
During WWII many posters were produced by the U.S. government and posted in factories and other places of work.  What was the purpose of those posters?
 Definition
During WWII, the U.S. government used posters to promote the war effort.  In factories, posters were used to encourage workers to produce more and more products.  These products were supporting the fighting men overseas.
Term
Where is Normandy?
 Definition
Normandy is in the northeast section of France.  It is across the English Channel from England.  Normandy was the site of the WWII, D-Day Invasion (June-August 1944).  The Allied Armies landed on beaches up and down the coast and fought their way inland.
Term
Name three causes of the War of 1812.
 Definition

Three causes of the War of 1812 against Great Britain are:

  • impressment of U.S. Sailors
  • interference with U.S. trade
  • support for rebellious acts of Native Americans
Term
Why did the U.S. enter WWII?
 Definition
The U.S. entered the WWII when Japan bombed the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Term
What happened at Stalingrad?
 Definition
At Stalingrad, the German Army surrounded the city and the Soviets fought street by street.  Finaly, more Soviet troops were sent to help fight the Germans.  The Germans were surrounded and fled.  The Soviets followed and caught them.  At the end of the battle, the Soviets won.  The Germans lost 147,000 men and 91,000 were prisoners.  The Soviets lost 500,000 men.  The battle lasted 5 to 6 months.
Term
Where is Midway?
 Definition
The U.S. naval victory over a Japanese fleet off Midway in 1942 waas one of the turning points of WWII.  Midway Islands are an atoll in the North Pacific Ocean.  They are about 1/3 of the way from Honolulu, Hawaii to Tokyo, Japan.  Today the Midway Islands are a wildlife refuge.
Term
How are Hiroshima and Nagasaki related?
 Definition
Hiroshima and Nagasaki are two Japanese cities.  In 1945, during WWII, the U.S. dropped the first two atomic bombs on these cities.  Many people were killed.  In some cases vaporized, and there was great destruction in the cities.  After the bombings, the Japanese government was willing to end the fighting.  After the war, many Japanese suffered the horrible effects of radiation from exposure to these atomic bombs.
Term
What was a concentration camp?
 Definition
From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany set up camps and imprisoned groups (political prisoners, Jes, Gypsies, resistance fighters, homosexuals, others).  Some prisoners were worked/starved to death.  Others were killed by firing squads or in gas chambers.
Term
What was the Holocaust?
 Definition
During WWII, Nazi Germany systematically murdered people in concentration camps.  Around 5 million Jews and 3 million other people were killed.  This process of systematic murder is called the Holocaust.
Term
Who were Eisenhower and MacArthur?
 Definition
Dwight D. Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur were both U.S. generals during WWII.  Eisenhower was in charge of the Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force and commanded all the Allied troops in the Atlantic theater.  MacArthur was the Supreme Allied Commander of the Southwest Pacific theater
Term
How are Stalingrad, Midway, North Africa, and Normandy related?
 Definition
Stalingrad, Midway, North Africa, and Normandy are battles fought during WWII.  They are considered turning points of WWII.  The outcome of these battles made it clear that the Allied Armies could win WWII.  At times, prior to these battles, an Allied victory was in doubt.
Term
Who were FDR, Stalin, Churchill, Hitler, and Mussolini?
 Definition

FDR, Stalin, Churchill, Hitler, and Mussolini were political leaders during WWII.

  • FDR was the president of the U.S.
  • Stalin led Russia
  • Churchill was Prime Minister of Great Britain
  • Hitler was the dictator of Germany
  • Mussolini was the dictator of Italy
Term
What did women do during WWII?
 Definition
During WWII, the women went to work in factories, offices, and military bases to work in paying jobs and in roles reserved for men in peacetime.  The U.S. needed women to build planes tanks, and ships to support the war effort.
Term
Who was Samuel Adams?
 Definition
Samuel Adams (1722-1803) was an American patriot and politician born in Boston, Massachusetts.  He was a vocal leader in the fight against British colonial rule, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Term
What was the invasion of Poland?
 Definition
On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland.  Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on Sept. 28, 1939.  Standing by their agreement with Poland, France and Britain declared war on Germany on Sept. 3, 1939.  The Soviet Union invaded Poland on Sept. 17, 1937.
Term
Where is Pearl Harbor? What WWII event happened there?
 Definition
Pearl Harbor is in Hawaii.  In 1941, the U.S. Navy's Pacific Fleet was based at Pearl harbor.  This fleet was seen as a threat to Japan.  Japan invaded Manchuria (China) in 1931 and Indochina in 1940.  Japan was allied with Nazi Germany and the Axis Alliance.  On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the U.S. fleet in Pearl Harbor.
Term
Define Japanese internment.
 Definition
After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. was gripped by war hysteria. Leaders in California, Oregon, and Washington demanded that residents of Japanese ancestry by removed from the coast.  By Executive Order 9066, FDR moved 120,000 Japanese to camps in isolated, inland areas.
Term
What are war bonds?
 Definition
To pay for WWII, the U.S. Gov. sold Victory/War Bonds.  On May 1, 1941, the first Series E, U.S. Savings Bond was sold to FDR.  By January 3, 1946, the last proceeds of the bonds were deposited in the U.S. Treasury.  By the end of WWII, over 85 million Americans had invested $185.7 billion in War Bonds.
Term
What is rationing?
 Definition
During WWII, Americans at home were asked to conserve materials and to accept ration coupons or stamps that limited the amount of certain products they could buy or use.  Gas, rubber, sugar, butter, meat, some kinds of cloth, paper, and many other items were rationed.  In order to buy rationed products or materials, a person had to have a ration card as well as the money to pay for the item.
Term
Identify causes of WWII.
 Definition

Among a number of things, WWII was caused by:

  • the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles
  • the Depression
  • the unstable world economy
  • political instability
Term
When was WWII fought?
 Definition
WWII was fought between 1939 and 1945.  Germany invaded Poland in 1939.  Then, Britain and France declared war on Germany.  In 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan formed an alliance called the Axis Powers.  In 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union and the Soviets joind the Allied Powers, Britain and France.  The U.S. joind the Allied Powers after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
Term
When was WWI fought?
 Definition
WWI was fought between 1914 and 1918.
Term

What was the Emergency Banking Act? 

Why was it important?

 Definition
The Emergency Banking Act (1933) was FDR's attempt to reestablish American faith in banks.  The banks were closed for a number of days.  During this time the banks were inspected and about two-thirds of them were declared to be healthy.  The healthy ones were allowed to reopen.
Term
What does the right to assemble peaceably mean?
 Definition
A person or group has the right to peacefully gather and parage or demonstrate to make one's view known or to support or oppose a public policy.
Term
What is the TRA?
 Definition
The Tennessee Valley Authority was part of FDR's New Deal.  The TVA helped farmers and created jobs in the southeast.  TVA built dams to provide cheap elecrrical power and control flooding.  These dams created lakes which provide recreational opportunities for the region.
Term
Between 1928 and 1939, Federal government spending drastically increased.  Why?
 Definition
Between 1928 and 1939, the federal government increased spending to pay for the programs of the New Deal.
Term
Why did the federal government establish the minimum wage, insure moeny deposited in banks, and promote pension plans for retired persons?
 Definition
The Federal government established the minimum wage, insured money deposited in banks, and promoted pension plans for retired persons as a result of the Great Depression.  These acts were meant to provide people with a degree of economic security.
Term
What is the Magna Carta?
 Definition
The English Magna Carta is a series of concessions agreed to by King John when his barons rebelled in 1215.  The Magna Carta established the principle that power of the king could be limited by a written grant (agreement).
Term
What is the Bill of Rights?
 Definition
The Bill of Rights is the first ten Amendments of the United States Constitution.  The colonists wanted a "bill of right" that would spell out the rights and immunities of the individual citizens.
Term
What is the Declaration of Independence?
 Definition
The Declaration is a document written by representatives at the Second Continental Congress.  It was proclaimed on July 4, 1776.  At this time the thirteen colonies declared themselves to be free from Great Britain.
Term
What is the Constitution of the United States?
 Definition
The Constitution of the United States is the document written by the Federal Convention that met in Independence Hall in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation.  The Constitution defines the framework of the United States Government.
Term
What is the name of the document that provided a list of actions by Great Britain that led the founders of the U.S. Government to provide government protection of individual rights?
 Definition
The Declaration of Independence provided a list of actions by Great Britain that led the founders of the U.S. government to provide government protection of individual rights.
Term
What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?
 Definition
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided the means by which new states would be created out of the western lands and then admitted into the Union.  Governors and judges were appointed by Congress and ruled the territory until it contained 5,000 free male inhabitants of voting age.  Then the citizens elected a legislature.  When there were 60,000 inhabitants, the legislature would submit a state constitution to Congress for approval and the state entered the union.
Term
What was the Louisiana Purchase?
 Definition
Two representatives for the U.S., Robert Livingston and James Monroe, signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris on April 30, 1803.  They bought the entire territory of Louisiana - an area larger than Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal combined - for $15 million.  This treaty added 828 sq. miles of land to the US. at 4¢ an acre.  The president at the time was Thomas Jefferson.
Term
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
 Definition
The Monroe Doctrine was presented to Congress on December 2, 1823.  The U.S. informed the powers of the Old World that the American continents were no longer open to European colonization, and that any efforts to extend European political influence into the New World would be considered by the U.S. "as dangerous to our peacy and safetly."  The president at the time was James Monroe (1817-1825).
Term
What was the Indian Removal Act?
 Definition
On May 26, 1830, the Indian Removal Act was passed by the U.S. Congress.  After four months of debate Andrew Jackson signed the bill into Law.  The greed for Indian land was one reason for the Indian removal.  In some cases, the American frontiersment just hated Indians.
Term
What was the purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment?
 Definition
The purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment was to end slavery in the United States.
Term
What was the Fourteen Points?
 Definition
At the end of WWI, Pres. Woodrow Wilson gave a speech at the peace conference in Versailles.  He proposed 14 actions, Fourteen Points, that would promote and maintain world-wide peace.
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