Physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt.

-Physical, cultural, social, emotional

INNATE?

Hobbes, Darwin, Freud, Lorenz

Hobbes- state of nature is animalistic. Need governement to keep A. in check.

Darwin- Natural selection favours stronger male.

HOWEVER: A. can lead to death/exclusion

Freud- Thanatos (desire to die)- can be directed towards others.

LORENZ- Aggressive Energy- biologically adaptive energy which needs to be released

Twin studies. however- correlational

Balyaev's Russian Silver Fox- bred tame foxes.

Warrior Gene- supposedly linked to aggression

Stop bull being aggressive through brain stimulation.

*Not isolated- can't tell where

TESTOSTERONE- higer levels= more A

SEROTONIN- low levels= less A

ALCOHOL- causal relationship

• inability to control B
• can't foresee consequences
• less self-control/awareness

The Frustration-Aggression Theory

*Sociocultural factor

Frustration: blocking of a goal. 

spesh if: -high motivation to achieve goal -expect to achieve goal -complete block

REVISED

Frustration leads to ANGER which usually leads to aggression.

*When actions of source of frustration can't be controlled, frustration will lead to anger, not aggression

Social Learning Theory

*Sociocultural factor

Reinforcement- A can be rewarding

Vicarious Learning- Bandura

• Frustration-aggression theory: more aggression after tea loses.
• Social learning: more aggression after team wins (reinforcement for having been aggressive during game)
  

Winning fans are usually more aggressive because of alcohol NOT mood.

*The more a culture encourages violent sports, the higher the levels of aggression.

Causal relationship between A and violent comp. games/ TV

-No longer feel anxious (natural response)- A seems normal

Aggression social- lynchings study- the more lynchers the worse the violence

Group Influences:

• More aggressive in group than alone.
• HOWEVER: if can be held responsible, less aggressive in group.