-20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873

-was the first President of the French Republic and, as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire. 

-He ruled as Emperor of the French until 4 September 1870. He holds the distinction of being both the firsttitular president and the last monarch of France

-energetic foreign policy which aimed to jettison the limitations imposed on France since 1815 by the Concert of Europe and reassert French influence in Europe and the French colonial empire. Napoleon stood opposed to the reactionary policies imposed at Vienna in 1815 and instead was an exponent of popular sovereignty, and a supporter of nationalism

-the date that louis napoleon took control of the french government and restored universal suffrage ensuring that he was elected president

the body instituted by napoleon to have the appearance of a representative gov't but they could neither initiate legislation nor control budget

-1810-1861

-He was the prime minister of piedmont nder king victor emanuel II

-he instituted change in his own state that would prove essential to the italian state as a whole later on

-he was a moderate who built railroads and canals and held a large army

-joined garibaldi to ensure unification in italy

July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882

-was an Italian general and politician. He is considered, with Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II and Giuseppe Mazzini, as one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland".

-1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898

-was a conservative German statesman who dominated European affairs from the 1860s to his dismissal in 1890 by Emperor Wilhelm II.

-In 1871 he unified most of the German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. This created a balance of power that preserved peace in Europe from 1871 until 1914.

-REALPOLITIK

-the ends justify the means

-1864

-orchestrated by otto von bismark

-the dutch took the provinces schleswig and holstein and bismark then convinced the austrians to take back the land from the dutch and give part of it to the germans to rule

-set the stage for the austro-prussian war

-bismark isolated austria by ensuring that russia, france, and italy would all remain neutral in the war

-prussia won easily using the breech loading needle gun and a great network of railroads

-aka Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 established the dual monarchy ofAustria-Hungary.

-The Compromise re-established the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire.

-Under the Compromise, the lands of the House of Habsburg were reorganized as a real unionbetween the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary

-29 April 1818 in Moscow – 13 March 1881

-was the Emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881.

-He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Prince of Finland.

-His most important achievement was the emancipation of serfs in 1861, for which he became known as Alexander the Liberator 

-in russia under alexander II it was the village commune

-peasants were subject to the authority of their mir to insure that their payments were made

-a form of local government that was instituted during the great liberal reforms performed in Imperial Russia by Alexander II of Russia.

-The idea of the zemstvo was elaborated byNikolay Milyutin, and the first zemstvo laws were put into effect in 1864.

-After the October Revolution of 1917, the zemstvo system was shut down in most of Russia except where the Bolsheviks failed to take power.

-a group of radicals that succeeded in assassinating alexander II in 1881

-was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until 1901

-her era was the Victorian era; a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.

-She was the last British monarch of theHouse of Hanover. 

-Representation of the People Act 1867,

- a piece of British legislation that enfranchised part of the urban male working class in England and Wales for the first time.

-The overall effects were intended to help theConservative Party yet it resulted in their loss of the 1868 general election.

-a method of argument for resolving disagreement that has been central to European and Indian philosophy since antiquity

-The dialectical method is discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject, who wish to establish the truth of the matter guided by reasoned arguments

-1864–1876

-often called the First International, was an international organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade union organizations that were based on the working class and class struggle.

-It was founded in 1864 in a workmen's meeting held in Saint Martin's Hall, London.

-Its first congress was held in 1866 in Geneva.

-December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895

-was a French chemist andmicrobiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology.

-He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases

-the only thing that exists is matter or energy; that all things are composed of material and all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of material interactions.

-In other words, matter is the only substance, and reality is identical with the actually occurring states of energy and matter.

-darwin

-published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.

-Realism (international relations), the view that world politics are driven by competitive self-interest

-Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict things accurately, from either a visual, social or emotional perspective

-December 12, 1821 – May 8, 1880

-was a French writer who is counted among the greatest novelists in Western literature.

-known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary (1857), for hisCorrespondence, and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style.

-7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870

-was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's most memorable fictional characters and is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period

-October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886

-was a 19th-century Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor, teacher, and Franciscan

-the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from about 1760 to some time between 1820 and 1840.

-This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools.

-The transition also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. --began in Britain and within a few decades spread to Western Europe and the United States.

-urbanization and horrible living conditions quickly followed

-the latter half of the 19th century until World War I.

-It is considered to have begun with Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in mass production and the production line.

-The Second Industrial Revolution saw rapid industrial development in Western Europe (Britain, Germany, France, the Low Countries) as well as the United States and Japan.

-allowed new states to join in on modernization etc.

-19 January 1813 – 15 March 1898

-was an English engineer, inventor, and businessman. Bessemer's name is chiefly known in connection with the Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel.

-an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine.

- The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir

-July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947

-was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

-Although Ford did not invent the automobile, he developed and manufactured the first automobile that many middle class Americans could afford to buy

-a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods

-Europe and the US had been experiencing strong economic growth fueled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War. 

- during this period it lost some of its large industrial lead over the economies of Continental Europe

-Mass society is a description associated with society in the modern, industrial era

- modernity as the emergence of a mass society

-A mass society is a society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties.

-urbanization

-horrible living/working conditions

-factories were becoming the centers of employment, so more people moved to the cities

-described a new sewage system in london that was part of a public push to overhall the public service departments of cities that were being overrun by an influx of new residents

-Mass society as an ideology can be accounted for by attending to the term most often used as the polar opposite of mass, namely elite.

-A form of society theoretically identified as dominated by a small number of interconnected elites who control the conditions of life of the many, often by means of persuasion and manipulation

-a social change in the latter half of the nineteenth century questioned the fundamental roles of women in countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, and Russia.

-Issues of women's suffrage, reproductive rights, bodily autonomy, property rights, legal rights, and medical rights, and marriage, dominated cultural discussions in newspapers and intellectual circles.

-While many women were supportive of these changing roles, they did not agree unanimously

-a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the United States and Great Britain.

-This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family.

"True women" were supposed to possess four cardinal virtues: piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness.

-12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910

-was a celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing.

-She came to prominence while serving as a nurse during the Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers and vastly improved the sanitary conditions, leading to much few deaths

-15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928

-was a British political activist and leader of the Britishsuffragette movement that helped women win the right to vote. 

-She was widely criticized for her militant tactics, and historians disagree about their effectiveness, but her work is recognised as a crucial element in achieving women's suffrage in Britain.

In what ways did factory labor disrupt traditional social organization? What were its costs? What were its benefits?

-during industrial revolution, where does society go from here

-Social Democratic Party of Germany

-as industrialization progressed, the party became more revisionist in its outlook instead of revolutionary

-its rapid growth frightened the upper middle classes

-a socialist doctrine that rejected marx's emphasis on class struggle and revolution and it argued instead that workers should work through political parties to bring about gradual change

-a political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, or harmful.

-anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations, including, but not limited to, the state system

-the Representation of the People Act 1884 and the Redistribution Act of the following year were laws which further extended the suffrage in Britain after the Disraeli Government's Reform Act 1867.

-Taken together, these measures extended the same voting qualifications as existed in the towns to the countryside, and essentially established the modern one member constituency as the normal pattern for Parliamentaryrepresentation.

-a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom, and one of the two main British political parties along with the Conservative Party. 

-The Government of Ireland Act 1914, also known as the (Irish) Third Home Rule Bill, was an Act passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom intended to provide self-government ("Home Rule") for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

-The Act was the first law ever passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom that sought to establish devolved government in any part of the United Kingdom.

-due to the outbreak of WWI, it didn't get passed

-the republican government of France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed, to 1940, when the French Third Republic's defeat by Nazi Germany resulted in its replacement by the Vichy France government in the early stages of World War II.

-The early days of the Third Republic were dominated by the Franco-Prussian War, which the Republic continued to wage after the fall of the Emperor

-a political scandal that divided France from its inception in 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

-It involved the conviction for treason in November 1894 of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, 

-Two years later, in 1896, evidence came to light identifying a French Army major named Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy as the real culprit. After high-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence, a military court unanimously acquitted Esterhazy after the second day of his tria

-a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophersactive in Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War (1898).

-13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878

- thelongest-reigning elected Pope in the history of the Catholic Church, 

-During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal infallibility.

-The Pope defined thedogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, meaning that Mary was conceived without original sin. 

-Pius IX was also the last Pope to rule as the Sovereign of the Papal States, which fell completely to Italian nationalist armies by 1870 and were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. 

-a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic. 

-Formed in 1870, it battled theKulturkampf which the Prussian government launched to reduce the power of the Catholic Church.

-It soon won a quarter of the seats in the Reichstag (Imperial Parliament), and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities

-the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empireand the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918

-Crowned in 1888, he dismissed the Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, in 1890 and launched Germany on a bellicose "New Course" in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria-Hungary in the crisis of July 1914 that led to World War I. 

-An ineffective war leader, he lost the support of the army, abdicated in November 1918, and fled to exile in the Netherlands.

-Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany: Speech to the North German Regatta Association, 1901

-"we have earned our place in the sun, now we must keep that place"

-Alexander III

-10 March 1845 – 20 October 1894

- reigned as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death on 20 October 1894.

-He was highly conservative and reversed some of the liberal measures of his father, Alexander II.

-Nicholas II

-18 May 1868 – 17 July 1918

-the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland.

-Nicholas II ruled from 1894 until his abdication on 2 March 1917.

-His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremostgreat powers of the world to economic and military collapse

-29 June 1849 – 13 March 1915

-was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire.

-served under the last two emperors of Russia.

-was also the author of theOctober Manifesto of 1905, a precursor to Russia's first constitution, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Russian Empire.

-a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire.

-Some of it was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies.

-It led to the establishment of limited constitutional monarchy, the State Duma of the Russian Empire, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906.

-a document that served as a precursor to the Russian Empire's first constitution, which would be adopted the next year.

-The Manifesto was issued by Emperor Nicholas II, under the influence of Count Sergei Witte, on 30 October 1905 as a response to the Russian Revolution of 1905.

-france viewed the new german state as a serious threat and napoleon needed a foreign victory to offset his troubles at home and was more than willing to fight the prussians

-france goes to war after the spanish crown was offered to a prussian prince

-france gets beat badly and the second french empire collapses

-william I gets proclaimed kaiser at versailles