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| Charles I renamed himself this when he took over the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands; a devout Catholic which caused problems; gave up empire and went into monastery |
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| reigned for 42 years; expanded Spanish influence; strengthened the Catholic Church; devoted his time to government work; was an absolute monarch; said he ruled by divine right; prepared a huge armada to defeat Elizabeth (Spanish Armada) |
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| most important writer of Spain's golden age; wrote Don Quixote which made fun of medieval tales of chivalry |
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| a Huguenot prince; fought against fierce Catholic opposition to gain control of France |
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| Louis Xiii's chief minister; he strengthened France's government; defeated the Huguenots and nobles |
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| inherited the French throne in 1643 at the age of five; believed in his divine right to rule; hired tax collectors to pay for his government |
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| Louis XIV's brilliant finance minister; imposed mercantilist policies to bolster the economy; put high tariffs on imported goods |
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| the first Stuart monarch; agreed to rule according to English laws and customs, but changed and ruled with divine right |
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| behaved like an absolute monarch; fought with Parliament; was an enemy of Puritans; his supporters were called Cavaliers |
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| a Puritan member of the lesser gentry; a skilled general who led the Roundheads against the Cavaliers in the English Civil War; became the leader of the new Commonwealth of England |
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| the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia; he sought to suppress Protestants to assert royal power over nobles; elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1619 |
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| Charles VI's daughter; first woman to be recognized as a ruler; pleaded with other countries to help her in wars |
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| Prussian ruler in 1713;gained loyalty of nobles; created one of best armies in Europe |
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| preferred playing the flue and writing poetry over training for war; eventually became a brilliant leader |
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| leader who put Russia on the road to becoming a great modern power; was 10 when he took the throne; learned about the empire by walking around the neighborhoods |
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| a German princess by birth; became ruler of Russian after Peter the Great; an efficient, energetic empress; embraced Western ideas ; a ruthless absolute monarch |
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