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| State boundaries reflecting imperial interests, rather than local economic, social, or political realities |
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| A system of government that relies on coercion rather than legitimacy, and seeks to administer a territory avoiding public representation and accountability |
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| Agricultural product grown for export |
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| Core and peripheral states |
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| The notion that the international system consists of wealthy states, which have enhanced their economic position by exploiting and 'underdeveloping' those territories on the periphery of the international system (the Third World) |
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| The export of profits, denying investment opportunities in the country of origin |
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| A system of colonial administration favouring the use of intermediaries, and offering a degree of devolution, rather than full-scale central government intervention |
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| The desire to united under one flag a community that is currently divided |
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| Lineage and kinship lines |
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| Social bonds based on ties of family, clan and descent |
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| Economic activity (such as mining and agriculture) other than secondary manufacturing industry or the service sector |
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| Late nineteenth and early twentieth century partition of Africa among European imperial powers. |
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| An educated and urban class which owes its privileges to its access to state institutions |
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| A society whose political organization does not rely on strictly defined territory and centralized political institutions |
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| The systematic holding back of a state's economic potential to serve an imperial power's interests instead |
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| A strain of socialism built more on African 'traditional values' (village communalism and co-operation) than the class struggle of classical Marxism-Leninism |
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| A lifeguiding system of beliefs, values and goals affecting political style and action |
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| A collection of people bound together by common values and traditions, often sharing the same language, history and an affiliation to a geographical area |
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| The desire that the nation should be housed in its own sovereign state |
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| The post-independence attempts to unite peoples, and develop economies, within Africa's inherited colonial boundaries |
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| The agreement among most OAU members in 1963 that the inherited colonial boundaries should remain, and be respected. |
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| A political movement favoring the wishes and interests of ordinary people |
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| A strain of socialism based on the class analysis of Karl Marx, later developed by V.I. Lenin |
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| The desire for a region within a state to secede, forming its own (or joining another) sovereign state. |
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| A policy that assists (local and foreign) free market activity, but still involved heavy state intervention in the economy |
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| Loan programs that require borrowing countries to liberalize both their economies and public policy. |
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| The charge that groups continue to hold divisive 'outdated' ethnic allegiances that counter the state's goal of national unity. |
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| Centralization of the state |
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| The process whereby power is drained from civil society and 'peripheral' institutions of the state, and concentrated instead within the core executive. |
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| A largely instrumental political relationship between an individual of higher socio-economic status (the patron) who uses his own influence and resources to provide protection or benefits, or both, for a person of lower status (the client) who, for their part, reciprocates by offering general support and assistance to the patron |
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| The series of vertical links that bind patron and client, where the client of one patron often commands their own patronage network lower down the chain. |
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| Legal-rational political order |
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Definition
| political authority built on impersonal state institutions which rule respecting acknowledged patterns of rules |
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| Where patrimonial rule is exercised through the remnants of legal-rational institutions. |
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| Where formal political mobilisation is channelled through a single state-sponsored party |
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| Political authority based on an individual, where the state iself, and the affairs of state, are the personal interests of the ruler. All within this political system owe their position and loyalty to the one leader |
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| A system of government where one individual, commanding the heights of state institutions and patron-client networks, enjoys a virtual monopoly on all formal political activity within a territory. |
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| Consolidation of democracy |
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Definition
| Ensuring that the democratic process endures beyond the first multi-party election. This will be assisted by a favourable political culture, a strong civil society and a supportive economy |
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| The view that the democratic process has not been proven until elections have removed two regimes fairly and peacefully from office |
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| Where the military instigates a coup d'etat in order the block the civilian political process |
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| The shared political ideas, attitudes and beliefs that underlie a society |
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| Rejuvenation of civil society |
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Definition
| A reference to the revitalisation of African associational life in the 1980s and 1990s caused by organizations de-linking themselves from government co-option and by civil society moving into political space vacated by the state |
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| re-legitimising the state |
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Definition
| State efforts to forge new links with civil society in the wake of the crises of legitimacy and governance |
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| A political party acting more as a vehicle for the personal interests of its leader, rather genuinely aggregating demands emanating from society |
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| Where the military acts in the vanguard of a revolution, replacing tradition political institutions with more radical structures of government |
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| The use or threat of violence to achieve a political or social purpose |
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| Where the military ousts a failing government, allegedly in the national interest |
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| A psychological relationship, between the governed and their governors, which engenders a belief that state personnel and institutions should be obeyed |
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| Commonly held political ideas, attitudes and behaviour that permeate a society |
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| The acceptance that the military should remain under political control, and not use its capacity to inflict violence in an effort to influence the political process |
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| Where the military intervenes to arrest political transition, protecting its corporate interests |
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| Those traditional beliefs that the physical world is controlled by many kinds of spirits, of the earth, rivers, rain, etc. May also involve ancestor worship |
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| A style of politics where state resources are distributed according to demand, rather than to need. Political calculations override social or economic considerations |
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| Calculations required to ensure that all ethnic groups within a society receive an appropriate share of state resources |
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| Intermediaries or members of the state elite who represent the interests of, and seek resources for, their ethnic group |
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| A community of people who have the conviction that they have a common identity and common fate based on issues of origin, kinship ties, traditions, cultural uniqueness, a shared history and possibly a shared language |
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| Where the state, unable to completely assert its hegemony over ethnic groups, exchanges resources and patronage in return for political compliance |
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| Where members seek to become part of an ethnic group because it is in their interests to do so |
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| A state where government is based on the laws of shari'a |
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| Those groups and individuals seeking to establish and Islamic republic |
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| The spiritual struggle to adhere to Islam's teachings. This may be simply an individual's daily struggle with faith or warfare to protect or expand the Islamic community |
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| The idea that ethnic affiliations are relatively static and loyalties pre-destined, 'tribes' having been formed in the mists of time |
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| A series of laws interpreted from the Koran regulation both public policy and personal conduct |
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| A derogatory accusation used by nationalists, which considers ethnic identities to be retrogressive and harmful to the development of modern nation-states |
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| A coalition 'large enough to secure benefits in the competition for spoils but also small enought to maximise the per-capita value of these benefits |
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