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| Group of Catholic raised, Creole men who believed that the Catholic Church supported slavery; they sought out spirits to speak to them and provide guidance; were active during the Reconstruction Era; mediums would communicate with the spirits and then relay the message to the group; themes of their “spiritual advisors” (which included Lincoln, Robespierre, Washington, Jesus, Napoleon) included Napoleon promoting the fact that everyone came from the same Father (regardless of skin color), the Republic was the subject of Robespierre’s message, and the triumph of justice that Lincoln discussed |
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| Organization of black Catholics founded in 1889 by Daniel Rudd; held in Washington D.C. to advocate for the rights of African American Roman Catholics |
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| First African American Catholic priest in 1886; born a slave and gained his freedom shortly after his baptism; was afforded his education by an Irish Catholic priest in Illinois and was ordained in Rome when he was 31 after college in Illinois and seminary in Rome |
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| Hanging a person in a tree by their neck until they die; often times the body is also set on fire; popular means of executing African Americans without trial, especially men, accused by the public of a crime in the 19th and 20th Centuries mainly |
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| The “African mass” in Catholicism has many influences not only from Roman Catholicism but also from African customs; themes in the garb of priests and decoration; African musical stylings are included as well that have themes of African cultures |
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| Goals of self-determination for African Americans; prominent in the 60s and 70s in America; emphasized racial pride, the creation of black economy/politics/cultural institutions in order to promote black collective interests and advance black values |
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