Term
| Precolonial independence era |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1884-1951; direct european colonial rule - belgium, britain, france, germany, italy, portugal, and spain. Berlin Conference of 1884 consecrated the creation of formal empires. |
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Term
| Contemporary independence era |
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Definition
| 1951-present. Emergence of 53 countries. Began symbolically with Libya's independence. |
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Term
| National Geographic image of africa |
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Definition
| us public image of africa as lush jungles, wild animals, povery, famine and AIDS. |
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Definition
| belief that grinding poverty, outbreaks of disease, intensifying conflicts will remain staples of the african landscape for the foreseeable future. |
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| belief that all is well, to recognize the imperative of achieving a more balanced understanding of african politics and society. |
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Term
| politics of language choice |
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Definition
| decisions of if to write in the indigenous language or the imported language. |
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| by african governments that denounce their critics in the literary world as instigators of antigovernment propaganda. Taboo: ethnic makeup of ruling regime, moral character of the president, nature of political rule, ideology and foreign relations of the country. |
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Definition
| which to use for their works. affects both content and style. to publish in the home country meant works had to be apolitical or reflect the political orientation of the regime in power. |
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Term
| politically committed novelists |
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Definition
| 1970's and 80's, coalescence of a group of these novelists who perceived the highly unjust forms of governments and called for an overthrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| exact portrayals. not what african novelists deliver. strive to capture the essence of a particular political situation or historical period, which is then presented in story form to the public, who may judge it on its own merits. |
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Term
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Definition
| the african continent. findings of homo sapiens 150-100,000 years ago. however, denunciation of african civilizations. |
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Term
| segmented political systems |
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Definition
| decentralized system marked by the diffusion of political power. lacked a centralized state and a recognized political authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| same language, customs and cultural history. population divided into small hunter gatherer groups. comprised of members of an extended family and did not have any form of centralized political authortiy. |
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Term
| classical segmented system |
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Definition
| bigger than the band. individual groups based on kinships called clans. formal forms of leadership, group of leaders, or a committee of elders to manage clan affairs, but no central authority ever evolved. fostered competition and conflict between extended families. |
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Term
| universalistic segmented system |
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Definition
| more centralized version of classical segmented system. unified by an age grade system in which the period within which an individual was born was more important than and therefore transcended clan affiliation. age-set status allowed for a more systematic organization of the social, economic, and political affairs of the nation as a whole. |
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Term
| ritually stratified segmented system |
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Definition
| unification in the spiritual realm by a commonly revered spiritual or religious leader. such leaders served primarily as symbols of national unity, with duties usually restricted to presiding over religious ceremonies. little, if any, political power. |
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Term
| autonomous village system |
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Definition
| cornerstones of local political organization. populations were not unified by a central political authority. urban areas of city-states. |
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Term
| centralized political systems |
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Definition
| what westerners consider to be the normal form of political organization. a political authority controls a centralized state that can uniformly apply policies throughout a given territory and the inhabitants of this political system owe their allegiance to the state. |
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Term
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Definition
| centralized authority in control of a centralized state and capable of enforcing its will throughout the nation. king did not wield absolute control over the kingdom. instead, the political culture dictated that nonroyal clans and other ethnic groups enjoyed various degrees of autonomy from central government control, most notably in terms of their ability to raise their own taxes. |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to pyramidal in all respects. unique aspect was the existence of associational groups that transcended individual clan or ethnic attachments. these groups served as intermediaries between local villages and the central authorities and were often responsible for important duties, such as tax collection within the political system. further integration of the political system. highly prized membership. |
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| most authoritarian. king to whom all within society were required to pledge their direct allegiance. royal council composed of representatives directly chosen by the king. |
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| one is married to several spouses simultaneously. |
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| woman takes two or more husbands. |
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| man takes two or more wives. |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation of formal european empires and spheres of interest throughout africa. independent africa ceased to exist and african politics and society were controlled from the capital cities of seven european powers. Berlin Conference demarcated boundaries between european possessions. set in motion efforts to fully occupy those portions of the continent that remained independent. |
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Definition
| europe embodied this mindset that accepted the necessity of promoting direct colonial rule. |
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Definition
| european domination over peoples deemed backward, ignorant, uncivilized, barbaric, savage and godless heathens. |
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Definition
| had to be proven by obtaining treaties signed by local african leaders. |
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| an explorer lands on a territory previously unknown to the european world and claims ownership for his country. not how this occupation was defined. |
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| all african subjects could theoretically achieve the status of full fledged french citizens if they fully embraced french culture by fulfilling a variety of requirements including french fluency, conversion to christianity, obtaining a high school education, and becoming a property owner. |
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| an evolved or civilized person. what many africans hoped to achieve. |
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| political desire of nationalists to reunite their separated peoples in one unified natikon state. reunification of territories. ex: somalia in the horn of africa. |
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| the vision of a state which crushes all resistance. title bestowed on henry stanley who forced a caravan of african porters to dismantle and hand-carry several steamships up the congo river. authoritarian model of state-society relations. |
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Term
| political-military impacts of colonialism |
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Definition
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Term
| socio-economic impacts of colonialism |
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Definition
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Definition
| can be achieved between the central government and ethnic leaders that is minimally acceptable to all ethnic groups in society. based on the assumption that ethnic groups can compete peacefully for their share of national resources |
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Term
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Definition
| an ethnic leader or go-between who represents and channels the demands of the ethnic group to the national political leadership and who also transmits the demands and expectations of that leadership. |
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Term
| proportionality principle |
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Definition
| ethnic balance of the provision of state resources such as government jobs, federal budget allocations, and political representation according to an ethnic group's percentage of the total population. |
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Definition
| systematic killing or extermination of an entire ethnic group. |
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| a group of individuals who share a common status in society based on cultural, political, or economic distinctions. |
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| first class divided into metropolitan bourgeoisie (political and business leaders of the great powers) and the local expatriate class. |
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| lives and works in african countries. reminder of the metropolitan power's economic reach and influence. |
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| dominant class in most african countries. |
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| political elite including the head of state and his senior advisors. |
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| upper division of the civil service and other senior employees who staff government bureaucracies. |
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| private businesspersons, most notably the seniors executives of major local businesses. |
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| lower middle class of small traders, shopkeepers, artisans, teachers, soldiers, and lower ranks of government bureaucracies. |
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| african workers. found in urban settings and earns a set mage. |
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Definition
| an unemployed or underemployed urban working class. Ex: in Senegal, high unemployment rates among a growing urban population sometimes drive violent confrontations between government forces and heavily politicized student groups and workers unions. |
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| largest class category in most countries. rural dweller who grows food and raises livestock. |
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| most prosperous peasants who hires other peasants to work larger land holdings and often participates in regional trade. |
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| Female Genital Mutilation |
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Definition
| female circumcision practiced throughout africa. |
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| the leaders of religious organizations known as islamic brotherhoods who represent the religious values of the country's heavily muslim population (senegal). |
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