Term
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Definition
Pt has always had painful menstruation associated with release of excessive prostaglandins in ovulatory cycles.
Not associated with pelvic disease |
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Term
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Definition
Related to pelvic pathology.
New onset pain.
examples: Endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, PID, adenomyosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of menarche and the absence of menstruation by age 14 without the development of secondary sex charcteristics or by age 16 regardless of the presence of secondary sex characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
The absence of menstruation for a time equivalent to 3 or more cycles, or 6mo. in women who have previously menstruated.
May normally occur during first year of menarche, with pregnancy, lactation, or during perimenopause. |
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Term
| Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) |
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Definition
Any menstural irregularity or abn. bleeding pattern.
Dx of DUB is made once disease has been ruled out.
Anovulatory DUB is characterized by unpredictable and variable bleeding in terms of amount and duration. |
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Term
| Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) |
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Definition
Cause unknown however,hyperinsulinemia causes androgens excess, anovulation, and pathogenesis of PCOS.
Associated with HTN, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia.
Approx 40% women obese, 20% asymptomatic (silent skinny), 30% develop DM II by age 30
Weight gain worsens sx, whereas weight loss may ameliorate some symptoms. |
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Term
| DX of PCOS requires at least 2 of the following |
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Definition
Oligo-ovulation (few ovulatory cycles with peroids of amenorrhea)
Hyperandrogenism- elevated male hormone
Clinical signs of hyperandrogenism Polycystic ovaries- do not have to be present to dx with PCOS, can have 2 of the others and no cysts. |
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Term
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Definition
Type II DM
CV disease
Endometrial carcinoma |
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Term
| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
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Definition
Infection involving any organ or a combination of organs of the upper genital tract (uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries), or in its most severe form, the entire peritoneal cavity.
Most commonly caused by STI's that have traveled from the vagina.
Most major cases are polymicrobial, not just one source like GC or Chlam.
After one episode of PID, 15-20% of women develop long term squelae, such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, pelvic adhesions. |
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Term
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Definition
| range from asymptomatic to sudden severe abd pain with fever. Most start with Bilateral low abd pain that is dull and steady with gradual onset. Pain worse with walking, jumping, sex. May have dysuria or irregular bleeding SX more likely to develop during or immediately after menstruation. |
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Term
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Definition
aka: uterine fibroids
Benign smooth muscle tumors in the myometrium.
Many women are asymptomatic.
Estrogen increases size, so size changes during menstural cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
Presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
ectopic tissue responds to the hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle.
Cause unknown but theories include: implantation of cells during retrograde menstruation,possibly autoimmune, genetic predisposition present. |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily infertility and pain that worsens progressively. |
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Term
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Definition
Production of milk in a person who has no known cause for milk production.
Can occur in men.
Causes: Prolactinoma (pituitary tumor), Med side effect (birth control), persistent stimulation of nipples. |
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Term
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Definition
Over development of breast tissue in males.
35% males will have at some point.
Usually in adolescents (testosterone has not caught up with estrogen levels) and in men >50 (testosterone levels low).
Marijuana use increases incidence. |
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Term
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Definition
Follicular (before ovulation) and Corpus Luteum (after ovulation)cysts.
Benign, cause no harm only occasional pain.
most cysts are this kind. |
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Term
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Definition
Egg not released so fluid not reabsorbed.
Can cause pain and delay in menstural bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
Type of uterine fibroid.
Endometrial tissue in myometrium.
Often asymptomatic. |
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Term
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Definition
Ovarian teratomas that contain elements of all three germ layers.
Pre-cancerous, benign but potential to become malignant **Should be removed**
May contain bone,hair,skin,muscle,... |
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Term
| Forms of pelvic floor relaxation |
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Definition
Cystocele
Urethocele
Rectocele
Enterocele
Uterine Prolapse |
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Term
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Definition
Decent of a portion of the post. bladder wall and ant.vaginal wall into the vaginal canal.
Causes stress incont. |
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Term
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Definition
| sagging of the urethra commonly associated with women who have cystoceles and especially with urinary stress incontinence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulging of the large intestine into the posterior vagina |
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Term
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Definition
| Herniation of the rectouterine pouch into the rectal-vaginal septum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decent of the cervix or the entire uterus into the vaginal canal. |
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Term
| Causes for Pelvic floor relaxation |
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Definition
NOT CAUSED BY CHILD BIRTH!!
Genetics
Poor muscle tone
Lack of exercise
Poor diet |
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Term
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) |
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Definition
Enlargement of the prostate that can compress the urethra and cause outflow obstruction.
80% of men will develop on or before 80yo.
25-30% will need surgery once they hit 50yo if they already have BPH. |
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Term
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Definition
Frequency
Retention
Weak stream
Hesitancy
Dribbling after voiding
Overflow incont.
Increased intra-abd pressure
Hydroureter, hydronephrosis
Bladder & kidney infection
Inc vol. retained urine can lead to diverticular outpouching of bladder wall |
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Term
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Definition
An inflammation of the prostate.
Can happen at any age.
Is limited to the excretory ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
Acute Bacterial- very painful, do not palpate. typically 30-50yo.
Chronic Bacterial- recurrent infxn with pathogenic bacteria.
Non-bacterial- caused by reflux of urine. |
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Term
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Definition
Inability to empty bladder
Nocturia
Urinary Retention
Slow, small, narrow stream
Prostate very tender and enlarged |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid filled
Singular in nature
Just in one breast
Can be painful even without hormone flucuations of peroid |
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Term
| Fibrocystic changes of the breast |
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Definition
Benign nodularity and breast tenderness that comes and goes with the menstrual cycle.
Both breasts are lumpy, feel like marbles.
Multiple cysts
Most common type of benign breast lesion. |
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Term
| Proliferative breast lesions WITHOUT atypia |
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Definition
Benign proliferation of ductal epithelium
EX: Epithelial hyperplasia, Sclerosing Adenosis, Complex sclerosing lesion, Papillomas. |
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Term
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Definition
CP
reddened skin, warm, tender
dimpling of skin
nipple retraction, nipple discharge
pitting of skin (orange peel skin- peau d' orange)
ulceration |
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Term
| Characteristics of breast CA nodule |
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Definition
"stuck", non-mobile irregular in shape
non-tender |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common STI Bacterial, tx with antibiotics CM men-urethritis, epididymitis, proctitis. CM women-acte urethral syndrome, bartholinitis, cervicitis, cervical atypia, salpingitis. |
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Term
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Definition
Bacterial, tx with antibiotics
A urethral infnx in men, urethrogenital infxn in women.
CM men-dysuria, spontaneous, profuse, mucopurulent discharge from the urthra, urethral itching.
CM women-dysuria, increased vaginal discharge, abnormal menses, dyspareunia, cervical friability, discharge from the Skene or Bartholin glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anaerobic Bacteria (spyrochete), tx with PCN Primary CM- chancre- eroded, painless, firm, hard lesion. Secondary CM-low grade fever, general malaise, sore throat, HA, lesions on palms of hands and bottom of feet. some wart lesions in perineum, vulva, and groin of women, inner thigh and anus of men and women. Latent CM- no physical symptoms Tertiary CM- severe skin, bone, and soft tissue lesions called gummas, aneurysms, heart valve insufficiencies and heart failure and may cause neurosyphilis. |
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Term
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Definition
Parasitic, tx with antibiotic
CM range from none to severe with some women reporting an increase in symptoms after their period which include vaginal discharge and internal pruiritus. Dyspareunia, dysuria, copious frothy malodorous gay-green secretions are often common. |
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Term
| HSV, Herpes Simplex Virus |
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Definition
No cure, treat symptoms
CM- blisters that are painful and puritic.
Recurrent infections often have unilateral lesions. |
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Term
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Definition
One or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum.
Most common condition of the testes. Can be a delay, malformation, or mechanical problem.
Causes decreased fertility and increased risk for testicular CA by 30-50% |
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Term
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Definition
Collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis.
16% newborns have.
Spontaneously resolves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rotation of testicle on vascular pedicle. Sudden & painful. Causes are spontaneous or trauma related. Must be corrected within 4-6hrs or testicle tissue death occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
cant be seen in x-ray, only on MRI.
common in hips.
hidden or not readily discernable.
cause:minor force or energy |
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Term
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Definition
Fracture with two or more segments
cause: direct or indirect moderate force. |
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Term
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Definition
| One end wedged into opposite end of inside fractured fragment. Bones pushed together from compression injury to distal fragment. |
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Term
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Definition
Bone has broken through skin.
formally called compound fx.
Caused by significant trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
Perforates one cortex and splinters the spongy body of the bone.
from bent bone
often only splinted, not casted. |
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Term
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Definition
45 degree fx to long axis of bone.
Cause: direct or indirect energy with angulation and compression. |
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Term
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Definition
encircles bone
cause: direct or indirect twisting with distal part held or unable to move. |
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Term
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Definition
| A break at the site of a preexisting abnormality, usually by force that would not fracture a normal bone. Any disease process that weaknens a bone (especially the cortex) predisposes the bone to pathological fracture. |
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Term
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Definition
Micro fractures from overuse.
Occurs during athletics
Often not splinted, just rest to heal. |
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Term
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Definition
"Porous bone"
mass or bone density is decreased and the structural integrity of the bone is impaired.
More common in caucasian but affects all races.
Excessive phosphorous intake (soda) increases risk along with excessive caffeine, ETOH, and nicotine.
Major risk is fractures. |
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Term
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Definition
caused by prologned steroid use
EX: asthma patients |
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Term
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Definition
Bone deformity
pain
Fracture
Kyphosis from vertebral compression leads to decreased height. |
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Term
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Definition
AKA DJD (degenerative joint disease).
Classified as inflammatory joint disease.
Affects both men and women but women more severly affected.
Usually people >40yo, after 55yo more females than males.
Athletes develop sooner than non-athletes.
Obesity is major risk factor.
Glucosamine & condrotin shown to dec pain and slow progression.
VIT D shown to reduce risk of fx in older people **by increasing balance and decreasing risk of fall** |
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Term
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Definition
ASYMETRICAL pain and stiffening in one or more joints, usually weight bearing joints.
Decreased ROM
Enlargement & bulging of joint contour. |
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Term
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Definition
swelling at distal joints in hands.
Associated with OA |
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Term
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Definition
Swelling at proximal joints in hands.
Associated with OA |
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Term
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
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Definition
Systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with swelling and pain in multiple joints.
Wide spread connective tissue damage.
More women than men
Cause unknown, likely genetic interaction with inflammatory mediators.
Epstein Barr Virus plays a role. |
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Term
| Joints commonly affeced by RA |
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Definition
metacapophalangeal
proximal interphalangeal
wrists of both hands
ALWAYS SYMETRIC!! |
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Term
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Definition
Begins with general systemic manifestations of inflammation including fever, fatigue and weakness and anorexia, weight loss, generalized aching and stiffness, joints become more painful, tender and stiff.
Loss of range of motion
SQ nodules on hands, arms, shins, not in joints.
Ulnar drift- fingers pronate back toward ulna "swan hand". |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome caused by either excessive production of or hypoexcretion of uric acid leading to hyperurecemia. Uric acid crystalizes are deposited in connective tissues throughout the body. This causes acute, painful inflammation of the joint, known as gouty arthritis. With time, crystal deposition in SQ tissues causes the formation of small, white nodules, or tophi, that are visible through the skin. Crystals in kidneys lead to renal stones and renal failure. |
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Term
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Definition
Can have elevated levels and be asymtpomatic.
Renal disease
Recurrent attacks of monoarticular arthtiris (Great toes is most common).
Deposits of tophi in and around joints (third and chronic stage).
Trauma is the most common aggravating factor. |
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Term
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Definition
Chronic musculoskeletal syndrome.
Primarily diagnosed by exclusion.
80-90% of individuals affected are women and the peak age is 30 to 50 years.
The most common precipitating factors include: flulike viral illness,wide spread candida infection after mass antibiotic use (some severe illness), physical trauma, emotional trauma.
RA and SLE are commonly associated with fibromyalgia.
More common than RA but much less severe. |
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Term
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Definition
Chronic pain
Fatigue
Pain in the 18 tender points
The only reliable finding on examination is the presence of 11/18 of the tender points. |
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