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aegaen-islam
facts on aegaen through islamic cultural architecture
120
Architecture
Undergraduate 2
10/19/2009

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Aegean cultures
Definition

Minoan: 3400 - 1200 bce

Mycenaean: 1600-1125 bce

Term
minoans
Definition

lived on the island of crete

seafaring people

Term
minoan language
Definition

had 2 sets of languages

linear A: not deciphered

linear B: used for accounting

Term
minoan language
Definition

a part of everyday life but not an extremely religious people overall

mother goddess- chief diety

minotaur- half-man, half-bull.  lived in labyrinth and slain by theseus

Term
ashlar masonry
Definition
brick like laying of rectangular cut blocks of stone. 
Term
fresco
Definition

pigments painted on walls

minoan bull jumping depicted in these

Term
palace of knossos
Definition

-administrative center and shrines inside of palace

-1700-1380 bce

-centered around courtyard

-no axis, symmetry, or heirarchy

-orthogonal and organic

-contained columnades and light wells

-best plumbing until rome

Term
palace of knossos construction
Definition

-walls: ashlar and rubble

-column and roofs of wood

columns-taper from top to bottom and painted

Term
sir arthur evans
Definition

-key archaeologist responsible for excavating the palace of knossos

-tried to restore palace to what it may have looked like

Term
corbel arch
Definition
stacking stones of parallel walls closer and closer together so that they eventually meet in the middle
Term
labyrinth
Definition
a maze
Term
mycenaeans 
Definition

-warrior culture

-1600-1125 bce

-mask of agamemnon

-not as artistic as minoans

Term
lustal basins
Definition
-ritual baths in knossos
Term
citadel of Mycenaea
Definition

-heavily fortified

-cyclopean structure

-corbeled arches

Term
lion gate
Definition

-post and lintel with corbeled arches above

-2 lions depicted in stone above gate

Term
megaron
Definition

-forerunner of greek temple

-large audience halls

-brightly painted

Term
classical order of architecture
Definition
consists of column and entablature
Term

greek orders

(oldest to youngest)

Definition

doric

ionic

corinthian

Term
roman orders of architecture
Definition

composite

tuscan

Term
capital of a column
Definition
top part of column (easiest to tell type of order from this)
Term
greek doric
Definition

-no base

-capital is relatively simple

-includes triglyphs (3 vertical lines) and metopes (bas relief sculptures in between triglyphs)

Term
ionic order
Definition

-had flutes running down the shaft

-spiral scrolls on capitals

-taller than doric

-shafts employed entasis

Term
entasis
Definition
technique used to make columns look larger (circumference wise) when they got taller
Term
the polis
Definition

-the greek city

-usually no more than 10,000 people

-every polis had main god

Term
greek democracy
Definition
-every male had a vote
Term
abacus
Definition
large square slab upon which rests the entablature
Term
echinus
Definition
ornamental part of capital (between shaft and abacus)
Term
shaft
Definition
tall, vertical part of column
Term
entablature and sections
Definition

rests on top of column

architrave

frieze

cornice

Term
architrave
Definition
lintel directly above capital
Term
arris
Definition

-only present in doric

-sharp edge between each flute

Term
fillet
Definition

-ionic

-thin flat raised surface in between flutes

Term
volutes
Definition
-spirals at either side of ionic column at either side
Term
caryatid
Definition
column in the shape of a female with a capital
Term
cella or naos
Definition

-inner sanctuary enclosed by walls that housed statue of specific god

-access to inner sanctum allowed only to people of high status

Term
opisthodomos
Definition
back room of temple often used as a treasury
Term
peristyle
Definition

-roofed, columned porch surrounding a building

-usually around center courtyard

Term
podium
Definition
tall base upon which a roman temple sits (one at the pantheon is gone now)
Term
pediment
Definition

-triangular end of greek temple roof gable

-often decorated with sculptures

Term
peripteral
Definition
temple with a single row of columns
Term
dipteral
Definition
temple with double row of columns
Term
stylobate
Definition
top of stepped platform on which columns stand
Term
apse
Definition

-half dome located in the transept

-place where priest preached from

-contained altar

-located in eastern part of church

Term
atrium
Definition

-open courtyard within church walls

-unbaptized allowed to listen to sermon from here

Term
christian basilica
Definition

-early christian church

-borrowed from romans

-longitudinal axis (like a cross)

Term
clerestory window
Definition

-windows in the nave

-naturally very high up

Term
greek cross plan
Definition

-cross looks like that on the swiss flag

-centrally planned and domed

Term
latin cross plan
Definition

-longitudinal axis

-procession, congregation, worship, and pilgrimage

-consists of atrium, narthex, transect, nave, aisles and apse

Term
liturgy
Definition
sacred service of church
Term
martyrium/martyria
Definition

-churches that are associated with martyrs

-usually built at the grave of a martyr

Term
narthex
Definition
entry way of church
Term
nave
Definition

-higher ceilinged part of church

-located in the center

Term
pendentive
Definition

-structure that allows placement of a dome over a square room

-employs concept of arch

Term
pier
Definition

-used in the four corners of pendentives to allow them to rise higher

-takes the distributed weight to the ground

Term
semidome
Definition
-half domes that can be used to brace the weight of a bigger one
Term
squinch
Definition
-angled lintels that make up an octagon, allowing a dome to sit atop
Term
transept
Definition

-end part of a latin church that houses the apse

-top of the 'cross'

Term
solomonic columns
Definition
spiral columns that influenced the ones in old saint peter's basilica
Term
aniconic
Definition

-non-iconic representation

-arbitrary patterns that don't represent anything in real life (people, animals, trees)

Term
arabesque
Definition

-foliate

-plant based design (often geometric)

Term
calligraphy
Definition
-elaborate, beautiful writing
Term
caravanserai
Definition
inn for caravans to stay at a mosque complex
Term
centrally planned, domed mosque
Definition

-mosque with a central axis with a dome above

-as seen in mosque of suleyman

-introduced later

Term
columnar mosque
Definition

-mosque with a grid-like arrangement of columns

-see the great mosque at cordoba

Term
friday mosque
Definition

-mosque designed for friday masses

-generic term for mosques

Term
haram
Definition
prayer hall
Term
horseshoe arch
Definition
arch whose base is narrower than its widest part
Term
madrasa
Definition
school (inside of mosque complex)
Term
masjid
Definition

-arabic for mosque

-"place of worship"

Term
mihrab
Definition
-niche in qibla
Term
minaret
Definition
tower from which muezzin calls followers to prayer
Term
minbar
Definition
pulpit or stairs
Term
mosaic
Definition
picture made out of colored pieces of tile
Term
mosque
Definition

-hall for assembly

-locator of direction of mecca

-place to be called to prayer

-place of quranic verses

Term
muezzin
Definition

-person who calls people to worship

-leads prayers

Term
qibla
Definition

-prayer wall

-direction of mecca

Term
quran
Definition
holy book of islam
Term
sahn
Definition

-courtyard

-contains cleansing fountain

Term
tholos
Definition
round temple
Term
temple of hera I
Definition

-550 bce

-paestum

-stone covered in stucco

-archaic doric

peripteral temple

-row of columns down middle

Term
athens acropolis
Definition

-parthenon

-propylaea

-athena nike

-erechtheion

Term
3 historic periods of greece
Definition

-archaic: 700-480 bce

-classical: 480-323 bce

-hellenistic: 323-31 bce

Term
vitruvius
Definition

-codified greek orders in 30 bce

-wrote 10 books on architecture

Term
greek temples
Definition

-form strongly conventional, not much innovation just refinement

-marble or limestone

Term
peripteral temple
Definition
-single row of columns around 6x13
Term
cella/naos
Definition
main room of temple
Term
propylaia
Definition

-437 bce

-architect: mnesikles

-patron: perikles of athens

-gateway to the acropolis

-doric on outside ionic on inside

Term
temple of athena nike
Definition

-425 bce

-arhitect: kallikrates

-ionic columns, doric proportions

-destroyed and rebuilt in 1835

Term
Erechtheion
Definition

-421-407 bce

-Architect: Mnesikles (maybe)

north portico: poseidon

east portico: athena

Term
dellian league
Definition
league of greek city states
Term
formation of greek columns
Definition

-drums stacked atop one another

-hole through middle

-transported using pulley

Term
theater of epidauros
Definition

-begun 350 bce (built in 2 stages)

-architect: polykleitus the yonger

-built into hill side

Term
agora
Definition
-greek public center
Term
panathenaic way
Definition
road that led from the agora to the acropolis
Term
stoa of attalos
Definition

-159-132 bce

-king attalos

-walls on 3 sides columns on the last

-kind of like roman forum

Term
maison carree
Definition

-19 bce: republican rome

-patron: marcus agrippa

-nimes, france

-temple

-axial alignment

Term
pont du gard
Definition

-20-16 bce: republican rome

-nimes, france

-aqueduct

-waterchannel used mortar to keep from leaking

-roman forum

Term
roman forum
Definition

-37-14 bce: republican rome

-rostra: speakers platform (center of rome)

-basilicas part of forum

-temple of vesta

Term
trajan's forum
Definition

-imperial rome

-architect: apollodorus of damascus

-basilica

-includes trajan's column

Term
arch of constantine
Definition

-imperial rome

-built to commemorate Constantine's victory

Term
exerdra
Definition
half circle in forum used for markets
Term
baths of caracalla
Definition

-imperial rome

-patron: emperor caracalla

-spa, library, restaurants, staduim

frigidarium, tepidarium, caldarium

Term
pantheon
Definition

-imperial rome

-patron: hadrian

-architect: also hadrian?

-corinthean

-temple to all gods

Term
flavian amphiteater (colosseum)
Definition

-imperial rome

-patron: vespasian

-architect: unknown

team theory of construction (not all sections identical)

-vallarium (sun screen)

-oldest surviving amphitheater

Term
agregate
Definition
stone used in cement mixture that filled in walls
Term
icon
Definition
religious work of art
Term
insula
Definition

-roman tenet housing for low and middle class

-went from bad quality to good quality

Term
domus
Definition

-place of residence and business

-shared walls with other buildings

-few, high windows

Term
triclinium
Definition

-dining room

-ate on couches

Term
impluvium
Definition
water collecting basin in center of house
Term
peristyle
Definition
open garden surrounded by columns
Term
cubiculum
Definition
generic room
Term
house of pansa
Definition

-domestic rome

-1 city block in pompeii

-included multiple houses and shops

Term
hadrian's villa
Definition

domestic rome

tivoli, italy

went with contours of land

loose design

Term
hagia sophia's
Definition

-early christian and byzantine

-patron: justinian

-architect: anthemius of tralles and isidorus of miletus

-church

-central dome style

Term
old st. peter's
Definition

-early christian

-basilica

-constantine

-martyrium for st. peter

Term
dome of the rock
Definition

-umayyad dynasty

-shrine

-located on the holy mount, jerusalem

-double ambulatory

-gold covered dome

-columns monolithic

Term
the great mosque of cordoba
Definition

-umayyad dynasty

-Cordoba, spain

-hypostyle halls

-added onto many times

-accretive architecture

 

Term
mosque of suleyman
Definition

ottoman turks

patron: suleyman the magnificent

architect: koca sinan

different sized minarets

includes a large complex with madrasas, caravanserai, mausoleum, and hostpital

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