Term
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Definition
| transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured and externally recorded by skin electrodes |
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Term
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Definition
1. SA node (pacemaker) initiates impulse in RA
2. AV node, both A contract, slight delay
3. Bundle of His- bundle branches
4. apex of heart-Purkinjie fibers: Ventricular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the spread of electrical activity over the atria after the initial depolarization of the SA node. |
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Term
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Definition
| spread of depolarization through the ventricular musculature plus a small amount of atrial repolarization; occurs simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| repolarization of the ventricular |
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Term
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Definition
| spread of electrical activity over the atria after the initial depolarization of the SA node |
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Term
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Definition
| spread of depolarization through the ventricular and atrial repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| repolarization of the ventricular |
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Term
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Definition
| repolarization of the papillary muscles or Purkinje fibers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| inverted U wave after exercise |
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Definition
| coronary artery obstruction. |
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Term
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Definition
the beginning of one P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex
beginning of atrial and ventricular depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave
ventricular depolarization and repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave
early ventricular repolarization is beginning very slowly |
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Term
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Definition
one complete heartbeat
both atria and ventricles contract and then relax
time from p wave to p wave |
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Term
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Definition
Tricuspid Valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Bicuspid (mitral) valve: located between the left atrium and left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
Aortic valve: guards the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta
Pulmonary valve: guards the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
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Term
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Definition
narrowing or stiffening of the heart valves
is resistance to blood flow= heart works harder
hurt murmur |
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Term
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Definition
valves do not close completely
heart works herder, portion of blood regurgitates back
heart murmer |
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Term
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Definition
lub,dub,swish
“innocent,” showing no symptoms to mild chest pain
“severe,” showing signs of fatigue, shortness of breath, coughing, irregular heartbeats, or syncopic episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| vena cava>right atrium>tricuspid valve >right ventricle>pulmonary valve>Pulmonary artery>lungs>pulmonary vein>Left atrium >Bicuspid(Mitral)Valve>left ventricle>aortic valve |
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Term
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Definition
1.Pulmonary
2.Systemic
3.Coronary
4.Fetal/Maternal |
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Term
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Definition
| normal heartbeat; heart rate = 60-100 bpm |
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Term
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Definition
| fast heartbeat; more QRS complexes seen; heart rate = 100-160 bpm |
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Term
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Definition
| slow heartbeat; less QRS complexes seen; heart rate = <60 bpm |
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Term
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Definition
: atria are very irritable causing them to depolarize, (quiver), rapidly and repeatedly
absence of P waves!!!
Electrical cardioversion is used to restore normal sinus rhythm using defibrillator paddles. |
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Term
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Definition
uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart, making them quiver rather than contract properly
Cyanosis and ischemia develop. |
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Term
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Definition
The pressure exerted by the blood on the interior walls of vessels
120/80mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular contraction (numerator) |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular relaxation (denominator) |
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Term
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Definition
| rhythmic throbbing caused blood hitting walls of artery |
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Term
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Definition
all organs involved in breathing
1. passages: deliver air
2. Lungs: gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
anterior cilia filter debris.
Goblet cells secret mucus:
1.filters
2.warms
3.humidifies |
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Term
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Definition
thorat
used for breathing and eating: coordinated by epiglottis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(windpipes)
lined with ciliated mucous membrane
of C-shaped cartilaginous rings attached by connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| trachea divides into the left and right bronchi. |
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Term
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Definition
L and R primary Bronchi
-R shorter wider
-R three secondary bronchi
-L two secondary bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary bronchi> Secondary Bronchi> Tertiary Bronchi> alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmental cues disallow the left lung from growing earlier than the right and thus prevents the development of the intermediate lobe |
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Term
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Definition
Walls consist of:
1. squamous pulmonary epithelial cells
2.pneumocytes II (septal cells)
-produce surtactants |
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Term
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Definition
Lungs covered in two membranous layers
1. Visceral pleura: covers and adheres 2 lungs
2.Parietal pleura:adheres to the thoracic wall and diaphram |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled; cushion during respiration |
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Term
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Definition
Follows Boyles Law: air moves from low to high pressure
1/V=P
air moved out out lungs do to changes in pressure
Decreases volume->pressure high in lungs->air moves out |
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Term
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Definition
| intercostal muscles relax -> increse in volume -> air pulled in |
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Term
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Definition
| intercostal muscles contract -> decrease in volume -> air pushed out |
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Term
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Definition
traumatic: air escapes pleural space do to puncture or wound
also spontaneous: cyanosis begins rapidly
bore needle used to decompress pleural cavity |
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Term
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Definition
instrument used to measure lung respiratory volumes and capacities
HEPA (high efficiency particulate air filter) |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air that moves in and out during normal breathing |
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Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation. |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume |
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Definition
| the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of air that remains in the lungs after complete exhalation. |
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Term
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Definition
| carbonic and acid-bicarbonate buffer blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
retention of CO2
fall in pH
respiratory acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
excessive elemination of CO2
rise in pH
repiratory alkalosis |
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Term
| Medical Applications of Capacity |
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Definition
Capacities show us the amount of reserve capacity which we have available for adapting to different amounts of activity.
Capacities point out that a change in breathing habits will not exhaust lung capacity.
Capacities tell a doctor how long inhalants or irritants can remain lingering in the lungs before they are completely exhaled. |
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Term
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Definition
| instrument used to measure abdomen expansion with every inspiration and expiration |
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Term
| 3 repirotor centers in brain |
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Definition
Medullary Rhythmicity Center: (MRC) controls the incidence and depth of breathing
Pneumotaxic Center: (PC) regulates the rate of breathing
Apneustic Center: (AC) plays a role in prolonged respiration |
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Term
| Mean Arterial Blood Pressure |
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Definition
| average blood pressure between systolic and diastolic pressure in the aorta. |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. |
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Term
| Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) |
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Definition
| total resistance against which blood must be pumped |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
CR = COexercise – COrest
The greater the person’s CR, the greater his or her capacity for doing exercise! |
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Term
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Definition
1. Skeletal
-voluntary
-striated
long and multinucleated
2. cardiac muscle
-myocardium
-involuntary
-striated, intercalated disks
-multinucleated
3.smooth muscle
- involuntary
-no striation
-short and uninucleated |
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Term
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Definition
1. Produce movement
2. regulate organ voluem
3. moving substances within the body
4. stabilizing body posture
5. generate heat |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a muscle to contract forcibly when adequately stimulated by an action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended without being damaged. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a muscle fiber to resume its resting length, (recoil), after being stretched. |
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Term
Muscle Tissue Layers
(deep facia)
3 connective? |
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Definition
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium |
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Term
| Muscle Morphology (4 levels) |
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Definition
1. MUSCLE ORGAN: covered by epimysium
2. FASCICLE: portion of muscle (discrete muscle cells segregated by perimysium)
3. MUSCLE FIBER: cell surrounded by endomesium
4. MYOFIBRIL: rod-like contractile elements composed of myofilaments |
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Term
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Definition
contractile unit
distance between 2 z discs |
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Term
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Definition
1. Actin (thin filaments)
2.Myosin (thick filaments) |
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Term
| 3 types of actin myofilaments |
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Definition
G-Actin (globular actin)
Tropomyosin
Troponin (complex) |
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Term
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Definition
A-Band: (Anisotropic) dark band; region of overlap between myosin and actin (contains both thick and thin myofilaments).
I-Band: (Isotropic) light band; area that contains actin myofilaments only.
H-Zone: (derived from the German word “Heller” meaning bright) a paler area within the A-band that contains myosin myofilaments only.
Z-disk: (derived from the German word “Zwischenscheibe” meaning in between) these are the bands in between the I bands.
M- Line: (derived from the German word “Mittel” meaning middle) this is the middle of the sarcomere. |
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Term
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Definition
action potential triggers voltage gated Ca2+ channels in presynaptic membrane
influx of cs2+
exocytosis of vesicle containing AcH= electropositivity |
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Term
| Sequence of Events Leading to Muscle Contraction |
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Definition
1.Signal Origination
2.Alpha Motor Neuron
3.Motor End Plate
4.Sarcolemma & T-Tubules
5.SR & Terminal Cisterns
6.Ca2+ binds to Troponin
7.Conformational change occurs on tropomyosin
8.Cross-Bridge Formation
9.Power Stroke
10.Release & Reposition |
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Term
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Definition
1.Binding of the myosin head (cross-bridging formation). At this stage, myosin has ADP and Pi bound.
2.power stroke: myosin head pulls the actin chain past itself and ADP is released
3.Binding of a new ATP molecule is necessary for release of actin by the myosin head
4.ATP hydrolysis occurs immediately and the myosin head is cocked |
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Term
| Partially contracted muscle: |
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Definition
Z-disks is reduced
sarcomere shrinks.
I-Band distance decreases.
H-Zone distance decreases.
A-Band distance remains unchanged. |
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Term
| Maximally contracted muscle |
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Definition
distance between z disks is further reduced
I and H band disappead
A band is unchanged |
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Term
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Definition
"stiff death'
no action potential
1. cross bridge cannot detach because ATP exhaustion
2. Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mineralizes in the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
first observable muscle twitch
all or non principle |
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Term
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Definition
1. lag period:
2. Latency period: time between stimulation and response
3. Contraction period: time to get max repose
4. relaxation period: dislocation of actin, myofilaments sliding back to place |
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Term
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Definition
Increase frequency; voltage constant
1. single twitch
2. wave summation
3. incomplete tetanus
4. tetanus = fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing voltage constant frequency |
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Term
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Definition
two antagonistic muscle working together
(biceps and triceps)-minor increase in activity |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mechanoreceptors
2. Electromagnetic - eyes
3. Chemoreceptors
4. Thermoreceptors
5. Nociceptors - pain
6. Proprioceptors - joint
7. Baroreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
Opacity of the eye due to:
Heredity
Aging
Disease condition (diabetes) |
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Term
| Visual Transduction Pathway |
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Definition
Light rays excite ganglion cells
Bipolar cells stimulated
Photoreceptors stimulated: rods/cones
Change in membrane potential on the photoreceptors directs the visual signal in the opposite direction for data processing
Signal sent to photoreceptors
Signal sent to bipolar cells
Signal sent to ganglion cells
Axons of ganglion cells exit through the optic nerve. (CNII) |
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Term
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Definition
- increased intraocular pressure
1. hyperactivity of ciliary body that makes aqueous humor
2. blockage of drainage (canal of schlemm) |
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Term
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Definition
| contained in the anterior chamber; similar to plasma; bathes the cells providing nutrients such as Vit. C |
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Term
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Definition
| contained in posterior portion of the eye; functions to keep retina pushed against the back of the eyeball; also provides nutrients to the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
the image is focused in front of the retina.
Correction requires a concave lens. |
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Term
| Hyperopia- farsightedness |
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Definition
image would be focused behind the retina.
Correction requires a convex lens. |
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Term
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Definition
| blurred vision resulting from irregular curvature of the cornea or lens |
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Term
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Definition
20/20 is “perfect” vision
20/10 is “hyper” vision |
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Term
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Definition
| constant, involuntary, cyclical movement of the eyeball. (Saccades) |
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Term
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Definition
| equilibratory apparatus distubances causing dizziness and lightheadedness |
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Term
| Steps in the Auditory Transduction Process |
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Definition
Auricle collects the sound waves
External Auditory Canal directs waves to TM
TM vibrates causing displacement of the ossicles
Waves reach Oval window
Waves reach Cochlea
Fluids in cochlea allow for tectorial and basilar membranes to shear
Waves reach Organ of Corti; hair receptors bend which transduce sound waves into action potentials
Waves reach Round window
Stereocilia displacement stimulates neurons of the vestibulocochlear nerve. (CN VIII) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Sensorineural (Presbycusis): Permanent deafness that occurs when hair cells are damaged (ie. Loud concerts)
2. Conduction: Reversible deafness that involves a physical barrier that obstructs hearing. (ie. Cerumen build-up, middle ear infection, congenital defects) |
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Term
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Definition
| sweet, sour, salt, bitter and savory ("umami“) |
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Term
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Definition
low temp light
cold body radiation
caused by
1. chem rxn
2. electrical energy
3. subatomic motion |
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Term
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Definition
heat driven light
electron displacement |
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Term
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Definition
Electrons are initially at ground, stable energy state.
They become excited.
They move to a higher unstable energy state; electrons jump to outer orbital shells.
These valence electrons do not want to be in these outer orbital shells; prefer ground state orbitals.
So, they jump back to lower energy state orbitals.
This electron displacement emits energy in the form of visible light. |
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Term
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Definition
light generated when material is pulled apart, ripped,
breaking of chemical bonds
separation and unification of electrical charges |
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Term
| Triboluminescence (explain wino-o-green) |
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Definition
during crystalization: + and - charges are seperated
molecules are crushed, forcing some e- out of atomic fileds
free e- collide with N in air. N gets energy and vibrates.
N release energy in form of UV light.
UV light interacts with oil and produces spark |
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Term
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Definition
| emission of light as the result of a chemical reaction |
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Term
| Chemiluminescence equation |
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Definition
Luminol + hexacyanoferrate + H2O2 Oxidized Luminol + Blue light
H2O2 is the oxidizing agent
potassium hexacyanoferrate reducing agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| is itself oxidized is causing another atom or atoms to be reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| is itself reduced is causing another atom or atoms to be oxidized |
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Term
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Definition
Fe is the reducing agent; HCl is the oxidizing agent
Fe -> Fe2+ + 2e-
2H+ + 2e- -> H2 |
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Term
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Definition
| HCl shifts the reaction to the left, disfavoring the forward reaction and hence immediately quenching the light. |
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Term
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Definition
| NaOH enhances the ability of the luminol to be oxidized by H2O2, so the reaction shifts to the right favoring oxidation and hence enhancing the light. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Fluorescein (Yellow)
2.Rhodamine B (Rose)
3.Eosin Y (Orange) |
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Term
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Definition
| light that is carried out by living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Lampyridae
is a family of insects in the beetle order Coleoptera. |
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Term
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Definition
cells of the firefly
produce Luciferin |
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Term
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Definition
| Luciferin + O2 + ATP + Luciferase + Mg2+ Oxyluciferin + AMP + PPi + H2O + Light |
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Term
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Definition
Works at optimal pH = 7.4
- shift in pH quenches (NaOH+HCl)
-NaCl: Cl- binds with Mg2+; apoenzyme= catalytically inactive |
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Term
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Definition
| need divalent metal cations to make enzyme active |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme without its cofactor |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme with its cofactor. |
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Term
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Definition
deep-dwelling squid
photophores |
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Term
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Definition
makes yellow luminescence
parapodi |
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Term
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Definition
cellular assays to detect coppor, iron, and cyanides
detect blood (iron) |
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