Term
| Polyunsaturated fats of nutritional interest may have: |
|
Definition
| as many as six double bonds. |
|
|
Term
| Carbon-carbon double bonds in the cis form: |
|
Definition
| result in a kinking of the fatty acid into a U-shape. |
|
|
Term
| Which fatty acid is considered essential and must be supplied by the diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lipids are a major component of cell and organelle membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triacylglycerols with unsaturated fatty acids tend to be ________ at room temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common lipid characterized by a cyclized internal segment in a 20 carbon chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol serves as a precursor for ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sphingomyelins serve which of the following functions? |
|
Definition
| constituent of myelin sheaths |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic lipase is characterized by which of the following statements? |
|
Definition
| It requires an alkaline environment for optimal activity. |
|
|
Term
| Undigested lipid delays the rate of emptying of stomach contents, thus: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the carrier for long-chain dietary fatty acids in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apolipoproteins function to: |
|
Definition
| stimulate enzymatic reactions which regulate the metabolic functions of lipoproteins. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lipoproteins are normally present in blood in the greatest quantity during the fasting state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lipoproteins is the major carrier of cholesterol away from tissues for excretion by the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LDL binds to which of the following cells with high affinity and specificity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is inhibited by drug therapy to decrease serum cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following fatty acids is least likely to promote heart disease? |
|
Definition
| eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) |
|
|
Term
| Trans unsaturated fatty acids elevate serum LDL while decreasing HDL and are therefore likely to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carnitine is the carrier molecule needed for: |
|
Definition
| mitochondrial membrane transport of fatty acids and their CoA derivatives. |
|
|
Term
| Beta-oxidation in the mitochondria produces ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following fatty acids would yield the greatest energy upon complete oxidation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is produced from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fatty acid synthase system is involved in creating: |
|
Definition
| palmitate from acetyl CoA. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important unsaturated fatty acid serving as a precursor for eicosanoids that antagonize those made from an omega-6 fatty acid precursor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukotrienes are hormone-like substances made from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins exhibit a range of physiological actions including: |
|
Definition
| effects on the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone inhibits hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase found in adipose tissue cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ provides the major site for lipoprotein formation from endogenously produced lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease? |
|
Definition
| high levels of circulating LDL |
|
|
Term
| The mechanism by which orlistat decreases caloric consumption is by: |
|
Definition
| inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. |
|
|
Term
| Which level of organization is determined by the sequence of amino acids specified by the messenger RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids that have side chains that are not charged are called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The compound that denatures the quaternary, tertiary and secondary structures of protein in the stomach during digestion is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major way that dipeptides and tripeptides enter the enterocytes through the brush border is by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glutamine is often added to nutritional mixtures used for hospitalized patients because: |
|
Definition
| it is utilized extensively by gut cells for energy and for cell proliferation and growth of mucosal cells. |
|
|
Term
| When the diet is lacking in the amino acids alanine and glycine: |
|
Definition
| the body will synthesize them. |
|
|
Term
| Lysine and threonine cannot undergo transamination to an appreciable amount and are said to be ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholecystokinin and secretin are regulatory peptides in the pancreatic phase of digestion that activate the release of ________. |
|
Definition
| brush-border enzymes such as enteropeptidase |
|
|
Term
| Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine tissue and transported to target organs where they regulate metabolic processes are ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a nitrogen containing, non-protein compound that performs an important function in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deamination of amino acids results in the production of toxic ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If blood urea nitrogen were high, which organ would you suspect of inadequate function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the amino group has been removed from an amino acid, the carbon skeleton or alpha-keto acid may be used for production of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following amino acids are glucogenic EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maple syrup urine disease is the genetic disease associated with the lack of the: |
|
Definition
| branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following amino acids represent the aromatic amino acids? |
|
Definition
| phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are particularly metabolized by brain neurons? |
|
Definition
| those with side chains containing aromatic rings |
|
|
Term
| When amino acids are not needed by the liver for protein synthesis, they are predominately ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urinary excretion of which compound is used as an indicator of the amount of existing muscle mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leucine, when oxidized in muscle tissue, ________. |
|
Definition
| spares essential gluconeogenic precursors, pyruvate and lactate |
|
|
Term
| What amino acid is the precursor of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is made from which amino acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true regarding protein turnover? |
|
Definition
| Protein turnover accounts for up to 1/4 of resting metabolic rate. |
|
|
Term
| Lysosomes and protasomes are involved with ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical score is best described as: |
|
Definition
| the content of the most limiting essential amino acid in the protein relative to a reference pattern or a reference protein. |
|
|
Term
| Grains are limited in lysine, threonine or tryptophan. What food group is considered complementary because it supplies these amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When evaluating protein quality, which of the following measures represents the retention of food nitrogen consumed rather than retention of food nitrogen absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the current Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein for adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nonessential amino acids are known to be particularly important? |
|
Definition
| glutamine, glutamate and alanine |
|
|
