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| Assisting primary treatment. Drugs are given early in the course of treatment, along with surgery or radiation to attack cancer cells that may be too small to be detected by diagnostic techniques |
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Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that interfere with DNA synthesis |
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| Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primative cell type |
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| Process of forming new blood vessels |
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| Chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primative plants. They inhibit the growth of cells and are used in cancer chemo |
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| Chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA |
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| Drugs that block mitosis (cell division) |
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| Programmed cell death. Normal cells undergo apoptosis when damaged or aging. |
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| Noncancerous growth (neoplasm) |
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| BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS |
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| Substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer |
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| Use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells |
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| Agents that cause cancer; chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses |
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| Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin |
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| Pieces of DNA that, when broken or dislocated, can cause a normal cell to become malignant |
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| Use of several chemotheraputic agents together for treatment of tumors |
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| Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to more primative, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation |
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| DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) |
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| Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cells division and protein synthesis |
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| Drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die |
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| Specialization of cells; unspecialized cells are modified and altered to form specific and characteristic types and functions |
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| Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors |
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| Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated |
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| Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source |
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| Dimensions of the size of radiation used to treat a tumor from a specific angle |
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| Giving radiation in small, repeated doses (as opposed to larger, less frequent ones) |
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| Family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene |
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| Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of mailgnant transformation |
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| Unit of absorbed radiation dose |
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| GROSS DESCRIPTION OF TUMORS |
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| Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, and verrucous tumors |
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| Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries |
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| Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue |
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| Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays |
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| Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors |
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| Tending to become worse and result in death; having characteristics of invasiveness, anaplasia, and metastasis |
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| Embryonic connective tissue |
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| Spread of malignant tumor to a secondary site |
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| MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF TUMORS |
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| Appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope; alveolar, carcinoma in situ, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, undifferentiated |
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| Replication of cells; a stage in a cell's life cycle involving the production of two identical cells from a parent cell |
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| Tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective) |
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| Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemo, or radiation |
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| MOLECULARLY TARGETED DRUGS |
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| Anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells |
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| Condition of being diseased; describing damage to normal tissues |
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| Change in the genetic material of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously |
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| New growth; benign or malignant tumors |
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| Unit of DNA composed of sugar, phosphate, and a base. The sequence or arrangement of nucleotides on a gene is the genetic code |
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| Region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer. Oncogenes are designated by a three-letter word, such as abl, erb, jun, myc, ras, and src |
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| Relieving but not curing symptoms |
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| Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors |
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| Study of the distribution in and removal of drugs from the body over a period of time |
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| Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays |
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| Energy carried by a stream of particles |
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| Tumor cells that are destroyed by radiation therapy |
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| Tumor cells that require large doses of radiation to be destroyed |
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| Tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue |
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| Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays |
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| Treatment of tumors using radiation |
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| Return of symptoms of disease |
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| Partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease |
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| Cellular substances that, along wiht DNA, plays an important role in protein synthesis |
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| Cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue |
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| Pertaining to thin, watery fluid (serum) |
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| Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors |
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| Study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given |
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| Tumor composed of mass of cells |
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| System evlauating the extent of spread of tumors. The TNM system is one |
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| STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY |
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| Dose of radiation delivered under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance (gamma knife surgery) |
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| Complex, naturally occuring chemicals, such as hormones, that are used in cancer chemo |
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| SURGICAL PROCEDURES TO TREAT CANCER |
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| Methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy |
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| Pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant |
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| An infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself |
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