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| A chain of similar units, linked together |
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| Reaction that builds macromolecules and removes H2O, energy is required |
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| Reaction that breaks down macromolecules and adds H20, this releases energy |
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| A substance that denotes H+ ions to neutralize a basic solution, yet act as a base to neutralize an acidic solution |
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| do not change the structure of an atom, and are generally reversible |
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Chemical Properties are generally irreversible and change the original substance into a new substance
Ex. Cooking an egg |
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| positively charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus |
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| Neutrally charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus |
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| Negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus because of the attraction to the positively charged nucleus |
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| The process of changing energy levels in an attempt to create stabler atoms |
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The H is the atomic symbol, denoting Hydrogen
The 1 in the corner is the atomic number, telling the number of protons
The 1.01 is the atomic mass, and can change between atoms |
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| This shows the electrons orbiting the nucleus in a solar systematic way |
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| An atom with more or less neutrons than protons, some are radioactive, meaning they decay until they reach a stable state |
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| The constant rate at which a radioactive isotope decays, the time it takes for half of the isotope to be left over |
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| Atoms with an unequal number of electrons than protons, this gives the atom a positive or negative charge |
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| The repetition of chemical properties at regular intervals |
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Molecules form in one of three ways
- The tendency of electrons to occur in pairs
- Tendency of ions to arrange so that they balance positive and negative charges
- Tendency to follow the octet rule
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| The tendency of atoms to combine with two or more atoms with the hopes of becoming stable |
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| Ways Chemical Bonding Can Occur |
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In the hopes of completing the octet rule
- Gain electrons from other atoms
- Lose electrons to other atoms
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The attraction between oppositely charged ions
Ex. Sodium Chloride |
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| Covalent Bonds are formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
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| These are formed between two Hydrogens, or with an atom that needs one or two electrons such as Oxygen. These bonds are typically weak, but numerous |
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| Building blocks of tissues |
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| Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System |
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Definition
H2O+ CO2 <----> H2CO3<----> HCO3-+ H+
- A Low pH is too acidic, bicarbonate acid acts as a base to neutralize acid
- High pH is too basic, H2CO3 acts as an acid to release H+ ions, neutralizing the base
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Macromolecules are formed using anabolic reactions, which require energy and remove water, so dehydration reactions are another term
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Macromolecules are broken down using catabolic reactions, which release energy and add water, so these are hydrolysis reactions
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compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ration of 1:2:1
o Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy
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| single sugar molecules, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose |
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· double sugars, and transport sugars
Ø Specific enzymes are needed to break them apart
Ø Glucose + Glucose = maltose
Ø Glucose + Fructose = sucrose (Cane Sugar)
Ø Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
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multiple sugars used to store energy short term, and are insoluble because of coiling
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| Glucose polysaccharides that contain long unbranched chains of glucose, Ex. Amylose |
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| glucose polysaccharides that are branched, in a net structure, Ex. Amylopectin |
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Lipids are used for the long term storage of energy and are insoluble in water
Can be fats, phospholipids, steroids, or prostaglandins
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| storage molecule of glucose (long term), and have more C-H bonds than carbohydrates, hydrophobic. Fats are soluble in oils |
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| Fatty acid that contains a glycerol, which undergoes three dehydration reactions with a carboxyl group |
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| Fats that contain the maximum number of C-H bonds |
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| Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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| contain more than one C=C bond |
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| a major constitute of cell membranes, with a polar tail, seperating water and oil |
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| Steroids have a four carbon ring structure, and are found in cholesterol and hormones |
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| Prostaglandins have a modified fatty acid structure, with a 5 carbon structure and two nonpolar tails |
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| very common biomolecule made of long chains of amino acid subnits |
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| Enzymes speed up the rate of a chemical reaction, and the chemicals upon which the enzyme acts in the reaction is called the substrate, meeting at the Active Sight |
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o Primary- 1- Sequence of amino acids
o Secondary 2- Localized three-dimensional shape (helix, pleated sheet, etc)
o Teritary 3- Shape of entire polypeptide
Quaternary- 4- Interactions between more than one polypeptide chain |
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macromolecules containing Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphouros, and are assembled from monomers known as nucleotides
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| DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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| Blueprint for protein make up, replicates itself exactly and is made up of deoxyribose, and either Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine |
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| Used to read DNA code and make proteins within cells, and is made of Ribose and either Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Uracil |
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