Term
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Definition
partial pressure of inspired Oxygen.
-mirrors Pb fall with altitude |
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Term
| 1968 summer olympics in mexico city |
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Definition
-2300 m (7546 ft)
-no new world records set in events lasting >2.5 minutes b/c of low oxygen in air
-anaerobic events weren't affected
-projectile events benefitted b/c of decrease air density (~25%)
-lower Pb allows air molecules to bounce around resulting in less resistance. |
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Term
| When does VO2 max begin to decrease? |
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Definition
-begins @ 1500 m (5000 ft) well trained at 500 m
-3% drop for every 300 m up to 5000 m.
-relataive (perceived) workload is greater @ altitude.
-absolute workload doesn't change. |
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Term
| Altitudes's affect on O2 cascade |
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Definition
-Altitude (decreased PiO2) compresses and flattens the O2 cascade.
-Less pressure to facilitate O2 diffusion from capillary into tissue
-From sea level to 4300 M valves are halved.
-w/ altitude there is less O2 available to tissues b/c pressure gradient get set lower.
-@ final electron in ETC, less O2 available which slows down entire pathway. |
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Term
| Whats the deal with a-v O2 diff at altitude? |
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Definition
-a-v O2 dictates how much O2 is extracted and utilizied.
-w/ altitude, there is less oxygen available to tissues due to compressed oxygen cascade. (PaO2 is 1/2 its normal value)
-muscle still tries to extract as much oxygen as possible.
-w/ altitude a-vo2 diff is less b/c there is less o2 for body to extract. |
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Term
| Major differences in cardiovascular dynamics at altitude |
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Definition
Vo2 max decreases with altitude. Everything else follows after this. HR and CO doesn't change max. But VO2 is less. Ve max doesn't change but reaches max faster.
-Ve fast increase keeps PO2 higher so that oxygen cascade is higher. This keeps the SaO2 fairly level for hte most part till a certain altitude. |
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Term
| Capillary Transit time with altitude |
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Definition
-At altitude, PAO2 is 1/2. oxygen cascade is 1/2.
-at .75 seconds there's still enough time for gas exchange.
-as ex int increases, PaO2 drastically drops. Driving pressure drops significantly with faster transit time. Less O2 in blood, needs more time to extract it. If you increase the transit time you can't extract as much o2 as you wished. |
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Term
| What are the metabolic consequences of altitude? |
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Definition
-RER is higher at altitude (inflection point lower)
-this means there is a greater and earlier reliance on CHO as fuel
-Availability of O2 can dictate metabolic energy utilization but Ex intensity is still predominant factor.
-acclimatized people need higher altitudes to switch to CHO |
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Term
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Definition
-Ascending altitude slowly (up to 5500 m) avoids adverse reactions
-Rapid accent (car, plane) induces symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS)
-exercising at altitude will increase symptoms of AMS |
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Term
| What are the symptoms and treatment for AMS? |
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Definition
Symptoms:
-headache, insomnia, irritability, fatigue, poor appetite, vomiting, tachycardia, erratic breathing.
-usually begins 6-12 hours upon accent, peaks 24-48 hrs.
-Acclimatization occurs in 3-7 days.
Treatment:
-descent, oxygen supplementation, some pharmaceuticals (dangerous) |
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Term
| What is the timeframe for acclimatization to altitude and what is happening? |
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Definition
-PAO2 Drops half day one and increases more each day.
-Ve increases but slowly
-SaO2 drops 17% but then builds back up
-Tissues sense that there is limited Oxygen
-EPO shoots way up
-Body increases blood viscosity so that hematocrit is higher % |
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Term
| What effects does training at Altitude have on your performance at sea level? |
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Definition
-sea level exercise performance does NOT improve when using VO2 max as criterion
--Oxygen availability limits tranined and untrained individuals almost equally in regards to performance
-relative ex intensity is higher at altitude |
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Term
| What is the "Live high-train low" philosophy? |
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Definition
-live at higher altitudes, then train at lower altitudes
-obtain "acclimatization" adaptations at high altitudes, but can train w/ higher intensities at lower altitudes.
-Improves sea level aerobic performance. |
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Term
| What is the body's thermostat? |
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Definition
HYPOTHALAMUS
-senses temp of circulating blood
-gets feedback from peripheral temperature sensors in the skin
-sets body's temeperature at 37 degrees. |
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Term
| Intrinsic thermoregulatory responses |
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Definition
Body can't turn off heat
-only initiate responses to dissipate heat
body can turn on the heat
-shivering
Sympathtic innervation of peripheral vasculature
-vasodilation= more peripheral blood flow -> heat loss -> decreased core temp
-vasoconstriction = less peripheral blood flow --> heat retention -> increased core temp |
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Term
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Definition
1) Radiation
-electromagnetic heat waves
2) Conduction
-direct contact b/t molecules/surfaces
-laying on warm pool deck that warms your body
3)Convection
-movement of adjacent air or water molecules
4) Evaporation
-Vaporizing water
-evaporative heat loss at high ambient temperatures
-heat loss in high humidity |
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Term
| What is the role of sweating in thermoregulation? |
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Definition
-At rest in a comforable environmental temp: 25% of heat loss from evaporation
-with high environmental temperatures, evaporation is the only means of heat loss
--heat carried away via water molecules
-heat cannot be transferred via convection |
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Term
| relationship between sweating and humidity |
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Definition
-Sweating is only effectife for cooling if evaporation can occur.
-in humid environments, sweat can evaporate as well -> decreased heat loss
-sweat production increases in trying ot increase evaporative cooling
-people acclimatize to humidity will sweat 4.0 l/h vs 1.5 l/h |
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Term
| What is the cardiovascular response to exercise in the heat? |
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Definition
Decreased plasma volume
-hydrostatic pressure shifts fluid out of blood
-sweating causes loss of fluid from extracellular compartment
-both result in dehydration
Increased HR to compensate for reduced SV and maintain CO
Vasodialation of peripheral blood vessels to increase skin blood flow to dissipate heat
-creates competition for CO b/t exercising muscle and skin |
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Term
| how to prevent heat related illnesses |
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Definition
-wear clothing that promotes heat loss and evaporation
-avoid hottest parts of the day
-avoid drinking caffeinated/alcoholic beverages
-know warning signs of heat releated illnesses |
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Term
| What are hte two biggest problems with exercising in the cold are: |
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Definition
-surface area of exposed skin
-movement hindered by bulking clothing |
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Term
| Physiological response to the cold |
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Definition
Cardiovascular
-vasoconstriction incrases central blood vol and blood pressure (may cause lower HR)
-more blood for M
Muscle streath, peak power and metabolic processes decrease due to Q10 |
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Term
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Definition
10 degree increase doubles enzymatic reactons rates.
-1 degree up or down changes enzyme rate by 10%
-this is why warming up before exercise improves performance. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal= 20-25
Overweight = 25-29
Obesity: >30 |
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Term
| how many calories = 1 lb of fat? |
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Definition
3600 calories
10 extra calories a day will equal 3,650 calories per year |
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Term
| What is metabolic syndrome? |
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Definition
ANY THREE OF THE FOLLOWING
-insulin resistance
-obesity
-hypertension
-atherosclerosis
-type 2 diabetes
-hyperinsulinemia |
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Term
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Definition
-auto immune disease
-fast onset
-hyperglycemia due to dysfunction of hte pancreas (produces insufficient amount of insulin)
-Treatment:
--requires insulin injections
--regulated diet |
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Term
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Definition
-Predominantly environmental causes, but possibly some genetic component
-slow onset: lack of physical activity and excess caloric intake
Hyperglycemia due to insulin reistance
-effect of insulin:
--early stages: normal to high levels of insulin, but insulin is ineffective in stimulating glucose uptake by tissues
-later stage: dysfunction of hte pancreas and decreased secretion of insulin
treatments:
-exercise, weight loss, diet, anti diabetic medications, insulin |
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Term
| _____ ______ conveys similar risks for the develop ment of CVD as smoking, hypertension, obesity, or hyper lipidemia |
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Definition
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Term
| by exercising 1 day a week you decrease your risk of premature death by ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary disease impairs waht 3 different physiological funciton |
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Definition
1)VENTILATORY IMPAIRMENTS
-typically affect airway resistance or compliance
-problems w/ getting air in or out of hte lungs
2)DIFFUSIONAL IMPAIRMENTS
-destruction of the alveolar: pulmonary capillary
-gas exchange is impaired
3) PERFUSIONAL IMPAIRMENTS
-pulmonary blood flow
-dysfunction in pulmonary vasculature
--usually associated with CVD
-gas exchange is impaired |
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Term
| What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD)? |
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Definition
Progressive disease
Usually involves
-emphesyemia: loss of alveolar funciton and structure
-asthma: narrowing of hte bronchioles
-Bronchities: inflammation of hte lower respiratory tract
-Secondary impairments:
--weak respiratory muscles
-lung fibrosis
-decreased ex tolerance
-as |
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