Term
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Definition
- emphasises nurture
- Passive organism reacts to the environment
- quantitative differences at different ages
- study larger pheonomena by breaking them dwn into simpler units
- developement has no particular endpoint |
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Term
| Organismic Metamodel (approach to studying aging) |
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Definition
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- emphasizes nature
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active organism creates environment
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development originates within a person and the person acts upon, rather than reacting to, the environment
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Organisms are qualitatively different at various stages of development, don't have a lesser or greater quantity of a characetistic or ability
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development has a goal/endpoint
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Development is complex and constantly changing
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Term
| Contextual Metamodel for studying aging |
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Definition
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Emphasizes both nature and nurture and that the organism and the environment are continualy interacting
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multiple patterns of development- both quantitative and qualitative
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look beyone the age variable and consider education level, lifestyle, socioeconomic status ,cultural background
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Term
| Life-Span Developmental Perspective |
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Definition
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similar to the contextual metamodel, but draws on all 3 metamodels
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development=ongoing
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changing organism acts upon, & changes, the environment and visa versa
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each person developes in own way- so stresses following same people over time to asses intraindividual change (change within the individual)
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Development is embedded in a historical context: varies depending on when it occurs and the sociocultural conditions at that time
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(See table 2.2 pg 38)
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Term
| The 3 Basic Factors in Aging Research |
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Definition
Age:
chronological age/maturational level of participant(s)
Cohort:
generation membership of participant(s)
Time of measurement:
when the research measures are made or data collected |
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Term
| Cross-Sectional Research Design |
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Definition
most commonly used design. test a young group and an older group.
-age and cohort membership are confounded |
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Term
| Longitudinal Research Design |
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Definition
the same people are followed over time and tested on 2 or more occasions
-age and cohort are not confounded b/c all members of the same cohort
-age and time of measurement are confounded ...can't tell what changes are due to chronological age or time of measurement. |
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Term
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Definition
all of the study participants are members of the same age group/same chronological age, but born at different times.
Cohort and time of measurement are confounded |
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Term
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Definition
| confusing...used to try to disentangle the effects of all three factors: age, cohort, and time of measurement. |
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Term
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Definition
| dependability/consistency |
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Term
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Definition
| whether the responses that research participants make on a test instrument are identical, or close to, on separate occasions |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to assess the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon/ make similar evaluations of participant's responses or make similar ratings of a participant's behavior |
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Term
Inter-Item Reliability
Internal Consistency Reliability |
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Definition
| Used to assess the consistency of results across items within a test. Get back to this...... |
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Term
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Definition
| whether we are measuring what we think/intend to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to how confidant we can be in the causal (cause and effect) relationship between the variables in a study |
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Term
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Definition
| The manipulated condition |
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Term
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Definition
| generalizability- whether the findings from the sample participants can be generalized to the population of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of external validity. Whether the results obtained with a particular test instrument reflect real-world functioning/real-world behavior |
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Term
| Experimental Research Approach |
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Definition
| researcher manipulates the independent variable that has at least 2 (sometimes more) categories/levels. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT of research participants. Cause and effect statements can be made. |
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Term
| Purpose of Random Assignment |
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Definition
| Insures that all extraneous variables are evenly distributed across both levels of the independent variable. Insures pretreatment equivalence. |
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Term
| Quasi-Experimental Research Approach |
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Definition
| if research participants are not randomly assigned to levels of a categorical factor (when variables are oganismic). Cause and effect can not be determined. |
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Term
| Multifactor Research Design |
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Definition
| there is more than one categorical variable. at least one factor is quasi-experimental and the other is experimental. |
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Term
| Descriptive Research Approach |
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Definition
| the researcher doesn't try to manipulate any variables, so variables are neither independent nor dependent. Can't make cause-effect statements |
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Term
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Definition
| statistical technique - shows how related two variables are to each other, but doesn't tell you the direction of the relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| Institutional Review Board |
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