Term
| What are the three components of working memory? |
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Definition
Central Executive
Primary Visual
Primary Verbal |
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Term
| What are the components of Long term memory? |
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Definition
1. Non-declaritive memory: A) motor skills B) cognitive skills C) habits
2. Declaritive memory: A) Semantic B) Episodic |
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Term
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Definition
Tripartite model:
Short-term storage components for verbal and visual information – “primary memory”
Central executive component for simultaneous storage and processing of information
Holding numbers in consciousness and performing a calculation
Holding verbal information while making a judgment about it |
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Term
| Explain why episodic memory and semantic memory are important for communication |
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Definition
Semantic memory underlies meaning in our language, including the vocabulary to express and understand concepts and ideas
Episodic memory allows us to remember what we have seen and heard; it provides the context for conversation |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive aspects of memories are represented by biological changes in neuronal connections
These changes are called engrams and are transient or enduring changes in neural networks in our brains as a result of encoding
Neuroscientists believe that the brain records an event by strengthening the connections between groups of neurons that participate in encoding the experience |
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Term
| How do memories become consolidated? |
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Definition
Consolidated memories are independent of the hippocampus and appear to be stored in diffuse cortical networks
Repeatedly thinking and talking about a past experience promotes consolidation |
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Term
| Who is most commonly affected by TBI? |
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Definition
Males by a ratio of 2:1
TBI is highest for people between the ages of 15-24 and those older than 75
It is also common in children aged 4-5 and seniors age 65-75 |
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Term
| What are the most common causes of TBI? |
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Definition
1. Motor vehicle accidents
2. Falls
3. Assaults (including those with firearms)
4. Sports/Recreation |
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Term
| What are some risk factors associated with TBI? |
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Definition
1. Alcohol
2.Drug Abuse
3.previous TBI
4. psychiatric problems
5. lower levels of education
6. learning disabilities |
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Term
| What are the primary injuries associated with TBI? |
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Definition
1. Diffuse Axonal injury - stretching, deformation and shearing of axons. Caused by rapid acceleration/deceleration and rotational forces.
2. Contusions - collection of necrotic tissue and blood from linear acceleration and deceleration forces. Sometimes referred to as coup-contracoup injuries.
3. Hemorrhage (can be a primary or secondary injury) Results from torn blood vessels immediately upon trauma or develop later from smaller bleeds that take time to accumulate
Acceleration-deceleration (angular and linear) can tear small blood vessels of the meninges and brain surface |
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Term
| What are the two type of hemorrhage? |
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Definition
1.Intracerebral – bleed directly into brain tissue
2.Extracerebral – Three types
a) Epidural - Blood forced into the potential space btw dura and skull
Forms RAPIDLY b/c of high pressure arterial blood
b)Subdural (hematoma) - Collection of blood between dura & arachnoid
Results from tearing of veins in meninges
c) Subarachnoid – bleed into subarachnoid space |
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Term
| What are the secondary injuries that can result in TBI? |
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Definition
Increased ICP- intracranial pressure
Hemorrhage |
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Term
| What system in the brain is responsible for integrating and regulating sleep and establishing and maintaining arousal? |
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Definition
| Brain stem reticular activating system (RAS) |
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Term
| What are the three levels of concussion? |
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Definition
Grade 1 mild concussion in which the person does not lose consciousness but may seem dazed
Grade 2 slightly more severe form; person does not lose consciousness but has a period of confusion and does not recall the event
Grade 3 classic concussion; most severe form; person loses consciousness for a brief period and does not recall the event |
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Term
| What types of hemorrhages tend to develop relatively quickly? |
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Definition
Epidural - Blood forced into the potential space btw dura and skull
Forms RAPIDLY b/c of high pressure arterial blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemispheric encoding retrieving assymetry - right hemisphere dominant for retrieval while left hemisphere is dominant for encoding of memories |
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Term
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Definition
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex thought to work in concert with the deep/elaboratice encoding during strategic retrieval. It has been implicated in the central executive component of working memory. |
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Term
| Which areas of the brain are thought to be involved in non-declarative memory? |
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Definition
| The basal ganglia, cerebellum, and the motor cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Galveston Orientaation and Amnesia Test - it is the most common assessment for Post-Traumatic Amnesia (PTA) |
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Term
| What is prospective memory? |
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Definition
| A component of episodic momory: Remembering to remember |
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Term
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Definition
| An assessment of severity of coma after TBI. Scores based on eye opening, best motor response and best verbal response. Higher score = better condition. (Scores go from 15 (best possible) to 3 (no response). Prognosis much better for those whose initial score is 9 or higher. |
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Term
| How is the duration of coma measured? |
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Definition
| It is measured from the time of injury to the time when normal sleep-wake cycles resume. (therefore a person who wakes one hour out of a day is still considered in a coma) |
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Term
| Which networks are thought to be involved in attention? |
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Definition
Prefrontal cortex
Parietal cortex
anterior cingulate cortex
Thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional Assessment of Verbal Reasoning and Executive strategies - appropriate for those with mild TBI and more subtle cognitive defecits |
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Term
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Definition
| “excess” profile: disinhibition, irritability, impatience, volatility, and verbal “dysdecorum” |
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Term
| medial frontal lobe damage results in what? |
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Definition
| “impoverished” profile: lack of initiation or drive, diminished social interaction |
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Term
| Damage to the DLPFC results in what type of behaviour? |
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Definition
| problems with self-awareness, goal setting, planning, problem solving (working memory – CE; alt. attention) |
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Term
| What are the diagnostic criteria for dementia? |
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Definition
1. Evidence of short and long term memory impairment
2. At least one of the following: agnosia, aphasia, apraxia, or a loss in executive functioning
3. Impairment 1 and 2 result in significant problems with employment and/or social functioning |
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Term
| What are the four common types of dementia? |
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Definition
1. Alzheimers
2. Lewy Body disease
3. Cerebrovascular disease
4. Frontotemporal degeneration |
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Term
| Where is the predominant areas of neuropathology found in Alzheimers Disease? |
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Definition
| - Temporal lobes, hippocampus, and frontal lobes. |
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Term
| What are the specific memory impairments generally seen in the mild to moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease? |
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Definition
Hallmark Impairment: Working memory
Access to semantic memory is impaired
Working memory: digit span is relatively spared but the central executive of working memory is impaired
Non-Declarative memory is relatively spared (motor memory and habits) |
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Term
| What is the diagnostic criteria for cerbrovascular dementia? |
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Definition
The diagnostic criteria for dementia PLUS:
Focal neurologic signs and symptoms (ex: limb weakness) and/or laboratory evidence (i.e.neuroimaging results show multiple infarctions involving cortex and underlying white matter) |
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Term
| What are the diagnostic criteria for Lewy Body Dementia? |
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Definition
Criteria for dementia PLUS:
- Visual hallucinations
- fluctuating cognitive deficits
- motor features of Parkinsonism
Secondary features include:
Syncope (fainting) and repeated falls |
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Term
| What is the typical pathological distribution of Lewy bodies in Lewy Body Dementia? |
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Definition
The distribution varies put is predominantly found in the nigrostriatal and neocortical
regions |
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Term
| What are the primary deficits found in Lewy body disease that are not found in early Alzheimers? |
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Definition
| Prominent deficits on tests of attention, executive function, visuospatial and construction ability |
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Term
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Definition
not associated with a specific etiology and can be associated with several degenerative conditions.
Diagnostic criteria for frontotemporal dementia include:
1. Early and progressive changes in behaviour and personality
2. Early and progressive changes in language
3. Deficits interfere significantly with activities of daily living
4. Course is gradual with continuous decline
5. Not due to any other known CNS etiologies |
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Term
| Frontotemporal Dementia has two variants, what are they? |
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Definition
1. Behavioural Frontotemporal Dementia - Pick's disease
2. Language variant - semantic dementia or primary progressive aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| primary progressive aphasia (one of the types of dementia associated with the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia.) Is associated with a non-fluent aphasia with anomia and agrammaticim |
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Term
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Definition
(one of the types of dementia associated with the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia.)
Associated with difficulty understanding the meaning of words, a loss of conceptual knowledge. Verbally fluent, intact syntax and grammar. Anomia. |
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Term
| What are some the tests used to test cognitive functioning for individuals with dementia? |
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Definition
Mental Status Tests:
-MMSE (mini mental state examination)
-3MS (The modified mini mental state examination)
-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; Nasreddine et al., 2005)
7-Minute Screen (Solomon et al., 1998)
Episodic Memory Test:
Recent Memory Screening Test (Bayles & Tomoeda, 1993)
Story retelling in two conditions: immediate and delayed |
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Term
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Definition
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment (free online!) Has good psychometric qualities and is able to detect mild cognitive impairments. It can be used to refer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A quick mental status test, to screen for changes in cognitive status (for dementia). Uses cued recall, naming, clock drawing and verbal fluency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mini mental state examination - Patients hate this test but is recognized all over (as opposed to the MoCA which is more patient friendly but less recognized) It is inappropriate to give the MMSE to someone with aphasia. |
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Term
| Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Dementia |
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Definition
| A very good test but difficult for people even in the mild stages. You don't need to give this test in its entirety. It is more impairment based. |
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Term
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Definition
Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory: For the patient with MODERATE to SEVERE dementia. Usually well recieved, more participation based.
Subtests include tasks such as greeting and naming, writing, reminiscing, comprehending signs, and gesturing |
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Term
| What are the ABC`s in reference to systematic observation of a recurring problem found with patient who has dementia? |
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Definition
A: Antecedent (what happened Before the incident)(ex: patient disengaged, wandering the halls)
B: Behaviour (the problem itself (ex: patient tries to get out and gets anxious when doors are locked)
C: Consequence (what happened as a result of their behaviour, example: staff confused upset, bring patient back to room) |
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Term
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Definition
Spaced Retrieval Training: Patient told a piece of information and then asked to recall the information repeatedly and systematically over time
Intervals between recall are lengthened to facilitate production of a high number of correct responses over longer periods of delay |
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Term
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Definition
| involved preparing, serving, and eating of breakfast and cleaning up afterwards, activities that rely on intact procedural memory and language abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
F - Functional and face to face
O - Orient to topic
C - Continuity of topic and concrete
U - Unstick any communication blocks
S - Structure with yes and no and choice questions
E - Exchange conversation
D - Direct, short simple sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| Impairment in the ability to express or comprehend affective aspects of language, particularly emotional prosody |
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Term
| Where is the lesion typically found in individuals with left-sided neglect? |
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Definition
In the Right temporoparietal lobe.
May also occur as a result of lesions to the frontal lobe, thalamus or basal ganglia. |
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