Term
| What is another name for the adrenal glands (it describes where they are) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the adrenal glands located in the body? |
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Definition
| at the superior poles of the kidneys |
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Term
| Adrenal glands are divided into two distinct parts that secrete different hormones. These are: |
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Definition
Adrenal Medulla: inside
Adrenal Cortex: outside |
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Term
| Adrenal Medulla secretes: |
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Definition
| adrenaline and noradrenaline |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal Medulla secretes: ____________ from ______________ cells |
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Definition
| catecholamines from chromaffin |
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Term
| catecholamines are derivatives of _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What innervates the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
| ganglionic cells of the Sympathetic Nervous System. |
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Term
The Cholinergic cell that innervates the adrenal medulla.
What does it secrete? |
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Definition
Greater Sphlanchic Nerve
Secretes ACh. |
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Term
| ___________________ cells are ____-synaptic neuroendocrine cells forming the adrenal medulla. |
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Definition
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Term
| chromaffin cells contain ____________ receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of chromaffin cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulus-secretion coupling |
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Definition
1)Stress causes release of ACh from the sphlanchnic nerve.
2) The ACh binds to receptors on the chromaffin cells.
3) These cells depolarize.
4) Durin depolarization, Ca++ enters the chromffin cells and triggers the process of exocytosis of vesicles containing EPi and NE. |
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Term
| In response to stress, Chromaffin cells secrete: |
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Definition
catecholamines & enkephalines
(20% NE) (80% E) |
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Term
| how do NE and Epi circulate in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does tyrosine make Epi and NE? |
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Definition
| Tyrosine ---> DOPA ---> dopamine ---> NE ---> Epi |
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Term
| Where do Epi and NE bind? |
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Definition
| alpha and beta receptors located on the target organs! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Epinephrine excites mainly which type of receptors on organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| alpha-1 receptors use what type of pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| alpha-2 receptors use what type of pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| beta-receptors use what type of pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| When catecholamine binds to alpha-1 receptors what is the reaction? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle contraction & vasoconstriction |
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Term
| When catecholamine binds to alpha-2 receptors, what is the result? |
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Definition
inhibition of transmitter release!
smooth muscle contraction |
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Term
| When epinephrine binds to Beta receptors, what are the reactions physiologically? |
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Definition
1)heart muscle contraction
2) smooth muscle relaxation (blood flow enhanced)
3) glycogenolysis! |
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Term
| So... physiologially, we have NE or EPI bind to alpha receptors.. what is the response? |
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Definition
1) vasoconstriction
2) iris dilation
3) intestinal relaxation
4) intestinal sphincter contraction
5) piloerecor muscle contraction
6) bladder sphincter contraction |
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Term
| EPI binds to beta-receptor... physiological reactions? |
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Definition
1) Vasodilation
2) increased HR and SV
3) Bronchial dilation: air supply increased
4) Relaxation of unnescessary body functions: intestinal relaxation, uterus relaxation, bladder wall relaxation.
5) Mobilization of nutrients for energy:
calorigenesis, glycognolysis, lipolysis |
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Term
| How does the adrenal cortex link to the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
Epinephrine secreting chromaffin cells: venous drainage of adrenal cortex
NE secreting chromaffin cells: arteries that course directly into the medulla |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| adrenal cortex is separated into three zones... what are they and which is closest? |
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Definition
zona glomerulosa (most outside)
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis (closest to adrenal medulla) |
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Term
WHat is the outermost zone of the adrenal cortex?
What is secreted here/ |
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Definition
zona glomerulosa
mineralcorticoid secretion |
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Term
| What is mineralcorticoid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mission of aldosterone? |
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Definition
| regulating concentrations of electrolytes (K+ and Na+ in the ECF) |
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Term
| Where does ADH act? (ie where is its target?) |
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Definition
| Distal Convoluted Tubule of Nephron (DCT). Stimulates exchange of Na+ for K+ |
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Term
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Definition
1) Increased reabsorption of sodium ions. Sodium loss to urine is decreased!
2) Increased reabsorption of water! This increases net ECF volume
3) Increased renal excretion of K+ ions. |
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Term
| cortisol is considered a ________ hormone (think metabolism) |
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Definition
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Term
| A disease-state due to hypoadrenocorticism due to a mineralcorticoid or glucocorticoid problem. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the mineralcorticoid deficiency problems that result in Addison's disease. |
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Definition
Deficiency in ADH results in electrolyte imblanaces.
Too much K+ and too little Na+ in the system results in hypotension and heart arrhythmias. |
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Term
| Explain the glucocoritcoid deficiency problem that results in Addison's disease |
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Definition
| The loss of cortisol makes it impossible to perform gluconeogensis between meals. This makes it impossible to maintain blood glucose. |
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Term
| The two potential causes of Addison's disease & the zones where the disease state starts! |
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Definition
Mineralcorticoid deficiency: zona glomerulosa
Glucocoritcoid Deficiency: zona fasiculata |
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Term
| Describe Cushing's Disease |
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Definition
Hyperadrenocorticism: We have an onslaught of way too many glucocorticoids circulating in the blood. They cause widespread metabolic problems including:
Diabetes
Hypertension
obesity
muscle wasting |
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Term
| Effect of Cortisol on Carbohydrate Metabolism |
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Definition
Maintains normal blood glucose during stress!
1)Decreased glucose uptake into cells:
-cortisol inhibits glucose transporters
-cortisol decreases cell sensitivity to insulin
2)Stimulation of gluconeogenesis in liver
3)mobilization of amino acids from extra-hepatic tissues to make them available for gluconeogenesis. |
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Term
| Effect of cortisol on proteins |
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Definition
reduces protein stores in extra-hepatic tissues
1) decreases protein synthesis during stress
2) Increases protein catabolism
3) increases amino acids in blood plasma
=these increased amino acids are transported to the liver and used during gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| cortisol on fat metabolism |
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Definition
increases fat mobilization from adipose
= more fatty acids/glyerol in blood
= taken to the liver for gluconeogensis
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Term
| cortisol on inflammatory response |
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Definition
reduced tissue swelling by stimulus with anti-inflammatories
and
decreases capillary permiability: less plasma and fewer cells are able to enter the inflammed area... reduces edema
decreased fever by inhibiting IL-1Beta
decreased T-lymphocytes to region of inflammation |
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Term
| Stressor like Hypoglycemia... follow the pathway |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus recognizes, and CRF---> ACTH (Ant. Pit)--->Adrenal Cortex (Cortisol)----> increased plasma glucose! |
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Term
| The opposite of aldosterone |
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Definition
| ANF (secreted by heart in response to High BP) |
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Term
| Cortisol is released when FASTING from the.... |
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Definition
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