Term
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Definition
The adolescent’s cognitive representation of the self
The substance and content of the adolescent’s self-conceptions |
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Term
| what are some of the major variables that contribute to the development of a positive self-concept? |
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Definition
Parenting attributes associated with boys’ high self-esteem
Expression of affection
Concern about the boys’ problems
Harmony in the home
Participation in joint family activities
Availability to give competent, organized help when the boys needed it
Setting clear and fair rules
Abiding by the rules
Allowing the boys freedom within well-prescribed limits
Increasing Adolescent's self-esteem
Identify the causes of low self-esteem and the domains of competence important to the self
Provide emotional support and social approval
Foster achievement
Help adolescents to cope |
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Term
| How does an adolescent come to know about himself or herself? |
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Definition
| Reflected Appraisal Process: the process through which people come to know themselves by observing or imagining how others view them. (C.H. Cooley) –”Each to each a looking glass that doth pass.” |
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Term
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Definition
Feelings about our self
Self-esteem is the global, evaluative dimension of the self, whereas self-concept involves domain-specific self-evaluations.
Global evaluative dimension, also called self-worth or self-image. Can be positive or negative
High self-esteem = feeling good about yourself
Low self-esteem = negative evaluation of self |
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Term
| explain how self-esteem influences mental health, interpersonal competency, social adjustment, progress in school, vocational aspirations, and delinquency |
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Definition
Poor mental health (anxiety and depression)
Poor physical health
Drug abuse, Unwed pregnancy
Rejection by others/social adjustment
Low participation in Extra-curricular activities
Poor academic performance |
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Term
| Harter’s findings on self-esteem. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Identity Achievement
Have undergone crisis in search for identity and made a commitment
Self-acceptance and stable self-definition, commitment to ideologies (political, religious, social, etc.)
Occurs in Emerging Adulthood
Identity Moratorium
Period of delay granted to someone who is not yet ready to make a decision,
Searching for identity in many different ways
Lots of identity crisis, anxiety, indecision
May feel confused or rebellious or procrastinate making decisions
Most common identity status of college students
Identity forecloseure
Commitment to an identity, but No Crisis
Not accepted things for themselves, but have accepted what was handed down to them by family or culture, established identity without search, make quick choices
Enmeshed families, personally avoid conflict and stress
2 categories, those likely to move later (developmental), and those unlikely to move (firm)
Identity diffusion
not experienced a crisis nor made any commitments to ideas or careers, or identity
early adolescence ok, later becomes problem, especially if become social dropouts or rebel against all values
High risk for peer pressure influence
High risk for avoiding problems by using alcohol and drugs |
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Term
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Definition
Erikson’s term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as a part of their identity exploration
a socially sanctioned period between childhood and adulthood during which an individual is free to experiment to find a socially acceptable identity and role
Many cultures allow for this. |
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Term
| James Marcia’s identity statuses, including the role of crisis and commitment. |
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Definition
Crisis – adolescent’s period of choosing between meaningful alternatives
Commitment – degree of personal investment a person exhibits in what they are going to do
Mature identity – when the person has experienced a crisis and becomes committed to an occupation and ideology |
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Term
| Waterman’s research on college student identity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Risk factors for sexual activity |
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Definition
Age, Earlier age of puberty, attractiveness
Race
Having a boyfriend or girlfriend
Early and Steady dating
Socially liberal teens or parents
Mothers had sex at an early age, siblings having sex
Lower parental monitoring
Perception that peers are doing it
Delinquency, alcohol, and drug use*
Father absence for girls
Divorced and remarried families
Low parental education
Low Socio Economic Status |
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Term
| how does cognitive functioning related to sexual activity? |
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Definition
The Paradox of Prevention Messages – Don’t trust partner
When Prevention Programs Backfire - Everyone is doing it
The Double Sin of Sex and Condoms |
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Term
| Reasons for sexual activity |
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Definition
Curiosity
Feel “ready”
Affection for partner – being “in-love”
Physical pleasure
Others are doing it
To fill emotional needs |
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Term
| contraception use by older and younger adolescents |
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Definition
The older they get, the more contraception is used.
More use pills.
Less you condoms.
More use Rythm
Less use withdrawel
More use diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
Any type of self-stimulation that produces erotic arousal, regardless of whether it leads to orgasm
By the end of adolescence, most males and about ¾ of females have masturbated to orgasm.
Does not have harmful physical or mental effects if…
Not associated with unrelenting guilt
Not done in a group
When it doesn’t substitute for sex between husband and wife |
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Term
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Definition
1 in 10 women age 15-19 becomes pregnant every year
Most pregnancies unplanned
Pregnancy rates highest among African-American teens, Birthrates highest among Hispanic teens, lowest among Asian-American teens |
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Term
| rational for stricter abortion laws for adolescents |
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Definition
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Term
| Children raised by teen parents |
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Definition
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Term
| Collins’ media influence on teen sex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize them |
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Term
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Definition
Parents can be conceptualized as managers of their children’s lives
Managers of children’s opportunities, monitors of social relationships, and social initiators and arrangers
Mothers more likely to
be managers than fathers |
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Term
| the effect on parent’s marital relationship on parenting adolescents |
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Definition
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Term
| Baumrind’s Parenting Styles – authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, neglectful, indulgent |
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Definition
authoritarian
A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the adolescent to follow directions and to respect work and effort.
Firm limits and controls are placed on adolescents and very little verbal exchange is allowed
Adolescents with authoritarian parents are anxious about social comparison, fail to initiate activity, and have poor communication skills.
authoritative
Encourages adolescents to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions.
Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed
Parents are warm and nurturing
These adolescents are socially competent, self-reliant and socially responsible.
permissive
neglectful
Parents are uninvolved in the adolescent’s life.
These adolescents show poor self-control and don’t handle independence well.
These parents do not monitor their kids well, putting them at risk for low school performance and delinquent behavior
indulgent
Parents are highly involved with adolescents, but place few demands or controls on them
Some parents think this will make children more creative or confident, but they are sorely mistaken
Associated with adolescent social incompetence, in particular a lack of self-control |
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Term
| Parent-adolescent conflict |
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Definition
The Generation Gap
Parent-adolescent conflict can be understood in terms of the adolescent’s changing social cognitive abilities. Parents and adolescent’s view things from a different perspective. As adolescents get older they are more likely to see their parent’s perspective.
Because of stage of life and personality differences
Cultural lag (parents can’t keep up)
Comparing then and now
Realism (adults) vs. idealism (youth)
Restricted view of age-appropriateness w/ parents
Desire for status quo (adults) or change (youth)
Conflict is greatest in early adolescence and declines through later adolescence
20% of families — unhealthy conflict
For some originated prior to adolescence
Linked to dropout, delinquency, running away, teen pregnancy, cult participation, and drug use
sources:
Everyday events of life are the main sources of conflict
Generally: social life and teen customs, responsibility, school, family relationships, values and morals
Violations of expectations are sources of conflict, adolescents think they are more mature than they really are, parents find it hard to change fast enough as adolescents grow and change |
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Term
| Autonomy development – emotional and behavioral |
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Definition
Independence or Freedom
Behavioral autonomy
independent and free enough to act on one’s own without excessive dependence on others
Should increase gradually
Emotional autonomy – free of childish emotional dependence on parents
issues:
Gender
Boys – given more independence
Culture
In U.S. – adolescents want more autonomy
College transition
Increased autonomy when people go away to college
More psychological dependency and poorer social and emotional adjustment in freshmen than in upper classmen
Better parent-emerging adult relationships once the child has moved away |
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Term
| Attachment styles – secure/autonomous, unresolved/disorganized, preoccupied/ambivalent, avoidant/dismissing |
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Definition
Secure attachment
Primary caregiver — secure base to explore the environment
Important foundation for later psychological development
As adolescents become more autonomous, maintaining an attachment to parents is healthy.
Unresolved/disorganized
Unusually high level of fear
Disoriented
Can result from traumatic experiences such as abuse or parent’s death
Preoccupied/ambivalent
Hypertuned to attachment experiences
May occur because parents are inconsistently available
Dismissing/avoidant
Individuals deemphasize the importance of attachment
Associated with rejection by caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of adolescent psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| IQ = Mental age/chronological age X 100 |
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Term
| Puberty – pubertal growth, secular trend |
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Definition
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Term
| Markers of Emerging Adulthood |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain areas – which is involved in higher level reasoning, which in emotion? |
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Definition
Since the limbic system develops earlier than the pre-frontal cortex, the adolescent may have strong emotions that they don’t have the cognitive capacity to modulate.
That is, they may be more risk taking and impulsive, in part because of their underdeveloped higher level reasoning abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
Sensorimoter Stage--birth to 2
Preoperational Stage--2 to 7
Concrete Operational--7 to 11
Formal Operational--11 through adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| the incorporation of new information into existing information |
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Term
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Definition
| an adjustment of a schema to new information |
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Term
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Definition
| when cognitive conflicts occur, this mechanism shifts from one state to another until resolution or balance is established |
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Term
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Definition
| an instructional technique whereby the teacher models the desired learning strategy or task, then gradually shifts responsibility to the students. |
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Term
| hypothetical-deductive reasoning |
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Definition
| reasoning from general to specific |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Case’s view of information processing and its effects on adolescent reasoning |
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Definition
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Term
| Short term and long term memory |
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Definition
long term memory
relatively permanent memory system that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time
short term memory
a mental working bench where information processing is carried out |
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Term
| The discipleship process of adolescents |
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Definition
| (Watch me, do it together, I will watch you, you do it) |
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Term
| Top 3 influences on teens today |
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Definition
| (Parents, Peers, and Media) |
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