Term
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Definition
| An aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves having the strength of your convictions, persisting, and overcoming distractions and obstacles. |
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Term
| What are moral exemplars? |
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Definition
| People who have lived exemplary lives. They have a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment. |
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Term
| What are the three parents' discipline techniques that are associated with moral development? |
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Definition
| Love withdrawal, power assertion, induction. |
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Term
| Describe love withdrawal regarding parents' discipline techniques associated with moral development. |
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Definition
| Comes closest to the psychoanalytic emphasis on fear of punishment and of losing parental love. it is a discipline technique in which a parent withholds attention or love from the adolescent, as when the parent refuses to talk to the adolescent or states a dislike for the adolescent. |
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Term
| Describe power assertion regarding parents' discipline techniques associated with moral development. |
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Definition
| A discipline technique in which a parent attempts to gain control over the adolescent or the adolescent's resources. Examples include spanking, threatening, or removing privileges. |
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Term
| Describe induction regarding parents' discipline techniques associated with moral development. |
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Definition
| The discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explanation of the consequences for others of the adolescent's actions. Examples include "Don't hit him. He was only trying to help" and "Why are you yelling at her? She didn't mean to hurt your feelings." |
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Term
| What is hidden curriculum? |
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Definition
| The pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school. It's created by school and classroom rules, the moral orientation of teachers and school administrators, and text materials. |
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Term
| What is character education? |
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Definition
| A direct moral education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior or doing harm to themselves or others. |
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Term
| How have values appeared to change over time? |
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Definition
| Traditional-aged college students have shown an increased concern for personal well-being and a decreased concern for the well-being of others, especially for the disadvantaged. |
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Term
| What does Damon conclude about youths' values in The Path to Purpose? |
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Definition
| They have a lack of a clear sense of what they want to do with their lives. Their goals and values too often focus on the short term, such as getting a good grade on a test rather than developing a plan for the future based on positive values. |
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Term
| What factors are related to whether or not students will cheat? |
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Definition
| o Students are more likely to cheat when they are not being closely monitored during a test, when they know their peers are cheating, when they know whether or not another student has been caught cheating, and when student scores are made public. |
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Term
| What are some positive outcomes of religiosity? |
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Definition
| Higher level of church engagement was related to higher grades for male adolescents. Those higher in religiosity were less likely to smoke, drink alcohol, use marijuana, be truant from school, engage in delinquent activities, and be depressed. 3 times as likely to engage in community service as were non-religious youth. |
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Term
| What factors influence how likely an adolescent is to be religious? |
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Definition
| When adolescents think more abstractly, idealistically, and logically. The increase in abstract thinking lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts. |
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Term
| Why is adolescence often a time in which religious views change? |
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Definition
| Because during this time, identity development becomes a central focus. Adolescents and emerging adults want to know answers to questions like “Who am I?” |
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Term
| What is effective monitoring? |
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Definition
| Monitoring includes supervising an adolescent’s choice of social settings, activities, and friends. |
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Term
| How is adolescent disclosure of whereabouts, activities, and friends related to adjustment? |
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Definition
| Adolescent disclosure of whereabouts, activities, and friends is linked to positive adolescent adjustment. |
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Term
| When (developmentally) is parent-adolescent conflict at its peak? |
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Definition
| During early adolescence. |
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Term
| Which country has the highest proportion of single-parent families? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of marriages with children is thought to end in divorce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is emotion security theory? |
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Definition
| States that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family. |
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Term
| What is the distinction between positive and negative marital conflict? |
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Definition
Negative for children: hostile emotional displays and destructive conflict tactics
Positive for children: marital disagreement that involves a calm discussion of each person's perspective and working together to reach a solution. |
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Term
| Describe adjustment difficulties for children and emerging adults from divorced families. |
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Definition
| o They are more likely to have academic problems, act out and show delinquency, show anxiety and depression, be less socially responsible, have less competent intimate relationships, drop out of school, become sexually active at an earlier age, take drugs, associate with antisocial peers, and have a lower self-esteem. |
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Term
| What are the different types of stepfamilies? |
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Definition
| Stepfather, stepmother, blended/complex. |
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Term
| Explain a stepfather type stepfamily |
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Definition
| mother typically had custody of the children and became remarried, introducing a stepfather into her children’s lives. |
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Term
| Explain a stepmother type stepfamily |
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Definition
| the father usually had custody and become remarried, introducing a stepmother into his children’s lives. |
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Term
| Explain a blended/complex type stepfamily |
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Definition
| both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily. |
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Term
| How long does it take for stepfamilies to stabilize compared to divorced families? |
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Definition
| Takes up to 5 years or more, while divorced families takes about 2 years. |
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Term
| What is boundary ambiguity? |
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Definition
| The uncertainty in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system. |
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Term
| At what age during childhood and adolescence is divorce a particularly difficult time for becoming a part of a stepfamily? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who are "latchkey" adolescents? |
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Definition
| Adolescents that typically don’t see their parents from the time they leave for school in the morning until about 6-7 pm. They’re called latchkey because they carry a key to their home and let themselves in while their parents are still at work. |
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Term
| What kind of trouble do latchkey adolescents get into when unsupervised between 3 and 6 pm generally? |
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Definition
| Stealing, vandalizing, or abusing a sibling. |
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Term
| What does a meta-analysis find about differences between adopted and non-adopted adolescents? |
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Definition
| Adoptees were far more likely to be using mental health services than were their non-adopted counterparts. They also showed more behavior problems, but this difference was small. They’re also more likely to have a learning disability. |
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Term
| What complexities might parents of adopted adolescents need to be aware of as their children enter puberty? |
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Definition
| Many adolescents' focus their attention on their bodies, and they become preoccupied with the lack of physical resemblance between themselves and others in the family. The search for identity may give rise to extensive exploration of the fact that they are adopted. |
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Term
| What does research suggest about children raised by same-sex parents? Are they different from children growing up in opposite-sex parent homes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which factors make up intrinsic motivation? |
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Definition
| Self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort/ |
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Term
| Which factors make up extrinsic motivation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Dan Pink’s argument in “The Puzzle of Motivation” (his TED talk about motivation that we watched in class)? |
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Definition
371: intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation. Most business are set up to have extrinsic motivation – commission (make more money if you work harder). Extrinsic in most situations is less useful. Google does intrinsic and tells their employees for the next 48 hrs you can work on whatever you want and they are more motivated and creative and do a better job when intrinsic.
Candle: box of tacks. Cognitive requirement to do tasks do poorly if extrinsic. Simple tasks extrinsic will succeed but the majority of tasks created are for intrinsic.
Intrinsic- Personal choice, path to purpose |
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Term
| What do self-determination theorists call teachers who create circumstances that allow students to engage in self-determination? |
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Definition
| Autonomy-supportive teachers. |
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Term
| What is performance orientation? |
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Definition
| An outlook in which individuals are focused on winning rather than achievement outcome. For performance-oriented students, winning results in happiness. |
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Term
| What is mastery orientation? |
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Definition
| An outlook in which individuals focus on the task rather than on their ability, they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement instead of the outcome. They feel challenged and excited by difficult tasks, rather than being threatened by them. |
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Term
| What is helplessness orientation? |
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Definition
| An outlook in which individuals seem trapped when experiencing difficulty and attribute their difficulty to a lack of ability. This orientation undermines performance. |
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Term
| What are the outcomes of having an incremental theory of intelligence? What about entity theory? (Think of the video clip in class about Carol Dweck's work). |
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Definition
Entity theory/incremental theory: mindset is important in how they go about doing a task
Group of 5th graders and gave them all the same IQ test, one said “you must be smart”-intelligence “you must have worked hard”-effort. 2 options for next test: harder version and about the easier option. The effort group chose the harder, the intelligence group chose the easier one. They play it safe and limit the growth of their talents. Then they gave them all an impossible test. The effort group worked harder, longer, and enjoyed more. The intelligence gave up early and became frustrated. The third and final was the same difficulty as the first test, and intelligence did worse on this test while the effort did better than before. Praise can make or break child’s development. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. |
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Term
| What are the three components of being a good planner? |
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Definition
| Managing time effectively, setting priorities, and being organized. |
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Term
| How is school achievement related to having aggressive-disruptive friends in adolescence? |
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Definition
| A recent study revealed that having aggressive-disruptive friends in adolescence was linked to a lower likelihood of graduating from high school. |
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Term
| How does the U.S. compare to other countries in terms of reading and math scores? |
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Definition
| Reading: 17th, Math: 31st. |
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Term
| What are some reasons that adolescents procrastinate? |
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Definition
| Poor time management, difficulty in concentrating, fear and anxiety, negative beliefs, personal problems, boredom, unrealistic expectations and perfectionisms, and fear of failure. |
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Term
| What psychological outcomes are associated with perfectionism? |
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Definition
| Low self-efficacy, low conscientiousness, distractibility, and low achievement motivation. |
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Term
| What percentage of adolescents are employed at some point during high school? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of 12th graders work more than 30 hours a week during the school year? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is identity development related to career development in adolescence? |
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Definition
| Career decidedness and planning are positively related to identity achievement, whereas career planning and decidedness are negatively related to identity moratorium and identity diffusion statuses. o Career decidedness and planning are positively related to identity achievement, whereas career planning and decidedness are negatively related to identity moratorium and identity diffusion statuses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to favor one's own group over other groups. |
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Term
| How do adolescents compare to other adolescents around the world in terms of time spent on schoolwork? |
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Definition
| U.S. adolescents spend about 40% less time on schoolwork than East Asian adolescents. |
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Term
| How do adolescents compare to other adolescents around the world in terms of time spent in discretionary activities? |
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Definition
| U.S. adolescents spend about 40-50% of waking ours on discretionary activities, compared with 25-35% in East Asia and 35-45% in Europe. |
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Term
| What are rites of passage? |
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Definition
| Ceremonies or rituals that mark an individual's transition from one status to another, such as the entry into adulthood. |
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Term
| What rites of passage exist for western adolescents? |
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Definition
| Jewish bat and bar mitzvah's, school graduation ceremonies, Catholic confirmations. |
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Term
| Explain the complexities of knowing when one has transitioned to adulthood. |
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Definition
| The legal age of driving is 16, age of voting 18, drinking 21. It has not been clearly delineated as it has in primitive cultures where rites of passage are universal. |
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Term
| What does socioeconomic status (SES) refer to? |
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Definition
| A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. |
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Term
| Describe "feminization of poverty." |
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Definition
| Refers to the fact that far more women than men live in poverty. Women's low income, divorce, and the resolution of divorce cases by the judicial system, which leaves women with less money than they and their children need to adequately function, are the likely causes of the feminization of poverty. |
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Term
| What is ethnicity based on? |
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Definition
| Cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language. |
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Term
| Describe the idea of cultural brokering |
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Definition
| When children and adolescents serve as mediators for their immigrant parents. |
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Term
| What affects how ethnic minority families deal with stress? |
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Definition
| The pervasive influences of negative stereotypes about ethnic minority groups.Note that too often, researchers have attributed effects to ethnicity that really may have been based on SES (although the two often interact to predict outcomes). |
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Term
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Definition
| Unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of the individual’s membership in a group (made up of a specific ethnic group, sex, age, religion, or other detectable difference). |
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Term
| Describe racial hassle experienced by African American adolescents. |
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Definition
| Racial hassle experienced by African American adolescents: being accused of something or treated suspiciously, being treated as if you were “stupid,” being “talked down to”, others reacting to you as if they were afraid or intimidated, being observed or followed while in public places, being treated rudely or disrespectfully, being ignored/overlooked/not given service, others expecting your work to be inferior, being insulted/called a name/harassed. |
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Term
| Describe the increase in media usage by 11-14-year-olds, as compared to 8-10-year-olds. |
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Definition
| Media use jumps more than 3 hours in early adolescence. |
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Term
| What did recent studies that involve media multitasking find? |
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Definition
| Multitasking adolescents were more susceptible to interference from irrelevant information. |
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Term
| What does research show about adolescents who play highly realistic, violent video games? |
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Definition
| They’re more aggressive, less sensitive to real-life violence, more likely to engage in delinquent acts, and are more likely to get lower grades in school than their counterparts who spend less time playing the games (or not at all.) |
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Term
| How is viewing sexual content on TV linked to sexual behavior? |
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Definition
| They're more likely to initiate sexual intercourse earlier than their peers who view less sexual content on TV. |
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Term
| What proportion of adolescents self-disclose more easily online than in person? How is gender related? |
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Definition
| 1/3, boys feel more comfortable self-disclosing online than girls. |
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Term
| Explain each of Kohlberg’s three stages of moral development. How are the six stages associated with age (hint: see first paragraph on page 233) |
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Definition
Level one: Pre conventional- Based on rewards and punishment. Before age nine.
Level two: Conventional reasoning: Individuals develop expectations about social roles. 9-20 years.
Level three: Post conventional: Morality is more internal. 20+ years. |
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Term
| Explain the social domain theory (Turiel’s theory) of moral development. Define the three social domains we talked about in class. |
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Definition
1. Moral: harm to others.
2. Social conventional: focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior, and maintain social system.
3. Personal domains: personal choice. |
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Term
| In what ways are Kohlberg’s and Turiel’s theories similar (that is, what do they agree on), and in what ways do their theories differ? |
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Definition
| They both have three stages. Both believe that the older you become, the more you are able to justify actions. Kohlberg’s invented by gender and justice, stage like. Turiel’s focuses on relationships. |
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Term
| What are the justice perspective and the care perspective? (think of Gilligan’s work) |
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Definition
Justice perspective: Moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual.
Care perspective: Use people in terms conductedness with others. |
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Term
| What is altruism? Why might prosocial behavior increase in adolescence? (hint: see page 238) |
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Definition
| Unselfishly helping others. Cognitive changes involving advances in abstract, idealistic, and logical reasoning as well as increases empathy and emotional understanding. |
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Term
| What is empathy? What three components make up empathy? (hint: refer to Figure 1 on p. 259 of the Decety (2010) article, which is posted on Canvas. We talked about this figure in class) |
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Definition
| Reacting to another feelings with an emotional response that is similar to that persons feelings. Affective arousal, emotional understanding, and emotion regulation. |
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Term
| Which other emotions are thought to play a role in moral development? How do they impact morally-relevant behavior? |
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Definition
| Forgiveness, gratitude, guilt, shame, empathy. Positive and negative contribute to moral development. |
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Term
| What are multiple developmental trajectories? What is reciprocal socialization? Describe an example of reciprocal socialization from your own life. |
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Definition
Adults follow one trajectory, while children and adolescents follow another.
Process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, and parents socialize children.
Keeping our parents up to date on current trends. |
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Term
| What differences in couples were found between those who had children in their early 20s and those who had children in their early 30s? How do early versus delayed fathers differ in their interactions with kids? (hint: see page 263) |
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Definition
| When an adult delays children they can focus their attention on their own well-being ,rather than a child’s. Late starting couples tend to have more equal parenting styles than if they're younger. |
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Term
| Describe Diana Baumrind’s 4 styles of parenting, and describe how each is linked to outcomes for adolescents. How are parenting styles linked to outcomes for emerging adults (hint: see page 277). |
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Definition
Authoritative: Parenting style that helps guide children in the correct path, but can also be on the child’s good side.
Authoritarian: Very strict. Leads to socially incompetent behavior.
Neglectful: No interaction between parents and child. Poor self control, does not handle independence well.
Indulgent: Very spoiled. Social incompetence. Lack of self-control. |
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Term
| What proportion of adolescents and their parents experience high degrees of conflict? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe emotional autonomy. |
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Definition
| Adolescents become less emotionally reliant on their parents. They realize their parents don't know everything, and develop emotional relationships outside of family. |
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Term
| Describe the three categories of insecure attachment, according to the AAI. |
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Definition
Missing/avoidant: demphasize the importance of attachment.
Preoccupied/ambivalent: adolescents are hyper tunes to attachment, mixed with very angry feelings.
Unresolved/disorganized: mutually high level of fear. (death or abuse) |
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Term
| List and describe Dunn’s proposed 3 important characteristics of sibling relationships |
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Definition
Emotional quality: expressing emotions to each other.
Familiarity and intimacy: know each other well. Comfortable with joking or teasing.
Variation: some siblings find relationships more close than others. |
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Term
| According to research, under what circumstances should parents should stay married for the sake of the children, and under what circumstances should they not? |
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Definition
| If there is stress and disruptions in the family, and if affects the well-being of the child, divorce might be wise. If resources would deplete for the child divorce might not be wise. |
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Term
| During what percentage of the day are children in the following age groups interacting with peers? 2 year olds; 4 year olds; 7 and 11 year olds |
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Definition
2 year olds: 10%
4 year olds: 20%
7 and 11 year olds: 40% |
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Term
| Define sociometric status and how it is most often assessed. |
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Definition
| Extent to which children and adolescents are like or disliked by their peers. They nominate who they like the most, and who they like the least. |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of peer statuses and what does each consist of—many or few positive (liked) or negative (disliked) nominations? |
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Definition
Popular: Rarely disliked. Nominated as the best friend.
Average: Average.
Neglected: Infrequency nominated as best friend, but not disliked.
Rejected: Actively disliked.
Controversial: Frequently nominated as friend, or disliked. |
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Term
| What are Dodge’s 5 steps for adolescents’ processing information about their social world (hint: see page 307). |
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Definition
| Decoding of social cues, interpretation, response search, selection of optimal response, enactment. |
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Term
| What 6 functions do adolescents’ friendships serve? |
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Definition
| Companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, intimacy and affection. |
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Term
| Who has been the most influential theorist in the study of adolescent friendships? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 basic social needs according to the most influential theorist in the study of adolescent frienships? |
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Definition
| Need for tenderness, playful companionship, social acceptance, intimacy, sexual relationships. |
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Term
| What are cliques, and how many people usually compose a clique? How do crowds compare to cliques? How are crowds defined? |
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Definition
| Cliques are closer knit, crowds are less personal. Cliques range from 2-12 people, but usually have around 6 people of the same gender and age. |
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Term
| What functions can dating serve (list at least 8)? |
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Definition
| Romantic bonds, being accepted by peers, being competent, communication, social experience, intimacy, recreation, meat sorting. |
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Term
| Describe the three stages of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence and the ages when most of these developments occur. |
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Definition
| Romantic bonds, being accepted by peers, being competent, communication, social experience, intimacy, recreation, meat sorting. |
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Term
| How are attachment styles in infancy and young childhood related to romantic relationships in adolescence (hint: see page 326). |
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Definition
Secure attachment: expects closeness, and intimacy.
Dismissive/avoidant: unresponsive, unavailable.
Preoccupied/ambivalent: disappointed with intimacy and closeness. |
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Term
| Is peer pressure generally a positive or negative thing (hint: think of our conversation about the video clips we watched in class) |
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Definition
| Adolescents are more likely to conform when they are in the presence of someone they perceive to have higher status than they do. Generally it is a negative thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social cognition involves thoughts about social matters. A distinction can be made between knowledge and process in social cognition. Learning about the social knowledge adolescents bring with them to peer relations is important, as is studying how adolescents process information during peer interactions. |
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Term
| What are conglomerate strategies? What are some examples? |
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Definition
| Conglomerate strategies, also referred to as coaching, use a combination of techniques, rather than a single approach, to improve adolescents’ social skills. A conglomerate strategy might consist of demonstration or model of appropriate social skills, discussion, and reason about the social skills, as well as the use of reinforcement for their enactment in actual social situations. |
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Term
| How do friendships change as people enter emerging adulthood? |
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Definition
| Many aspects are the same. One difference between close relationships was found in a longitudinal study. Close relationships between friends, family members, and romantic partners were more integrated and similar in emerging adulthood than in adolescence. Also in the study, friendships declined from adolescence to adulthood. |
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Term
| Define intimacy in friendship and similarity as it relates to friendship. What is the tendency to associate with similar others called? |
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Definition
| Intimacy in friendship is defined narrowly as self-disclosure, or sharing of private thoughts. Private of personal knowledge about a friend also has been used as an index of intimacy. Another predominant characteristic of friendship is that, throughout the childhood and adolescent years, friends are generally similar—in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, etc. |
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Term
| Describe the differences in boys’ and girls’ peer groups |
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Definition
| Intimacy in friendship is defined narrowly as self-disclosure, or sharing of private thoughts. Private of personal knowledge about a friend also has been used as an index of intimacy. Another predominant characteristic of friendship is that, throughout the childhood and adolescent years, friends are generally similar—in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, etc. |
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Term
| Explain the associations with co-rumination for girls. |
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Definition
| Co-rumination is a relatively new construct, referring to extensively discussing and revisiting problems, speculating about problems, and focusing on negative feelings with peers. Although it is similar to self-disclosure in that it involves revealing and discussing a problem, it is more focused on the problems themselves and thus can be maladaptive. |
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Term
| Briefly describe gender differences in how adolescents describe romance. |
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Definition
| 15-year-old girls were more likely to describe romance in terms of interpersonal qualities. Boys described it in terms of physical attraction. |
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Term
| Who has more power in the initial stage of the relationship, and what about the dating script suggests that? |
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Definition
| On first dates men had more power in the initial stage of a relationship. Males followed a proactive dating script, where women followed more of a private domain |
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Term
| Which components of dating are highly influenced by culture? |
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Definition
| Culture often dictates the age at which dating begins, now much freedom in dating is allowed, the extent of which dates are chaperoned by parents, and respective roles of male and females dating. |
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Term
| What proportion of young adults are living with their parents or relatives between 18-24? |
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Definition
| Approximately one-half of the U.S. |
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Term
| What percentage of couples in the US cohabitate prior to marriage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the marriage rate in the US increasing or decreasing? |
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Definition
| In recent years it is declining. |
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Term
| Describe the common misconceptions about gay and lesbian relationships. |
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Definition
| Contrary to stereotypes, in only a small percentage of gay and lesbian couples is one person masculine and the other feminine. Only a small segmentation of the gay population has a large number of sexual partners. |
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Term
| What was Lisa Diamond’s argument about sexual orientation, according to the video we watched in class? |
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Definition
| Argument: sometimes sexual orientation might follow who you fall in love with. You might fall in love before you are physically attracted to the person. Attachment is not concerned with gender. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traditions, beliefs, etc. passed down from generation to generation. |
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Term
| Describe the difference between individualism and collectivism. |
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Definition
| Individualism is priority to personal needs, rather than group goals. (collectivism.) |
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Term
| What do critics of the dichotomy between individualistic and collectivist cultures say (hint: think about the Wainryb & Recchia chapter we read in class). |
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Definition
| Differences between the two societies are neither large, nor systematic. Societies and individuals cannot be accurately characterized in terms of a single orientation. |
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Term
| What are 4 psychological effects that poverty has on adolescents and emerging adults (hint: see page 410)? |
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Definition
| Self-esteem, less social support, more conflict and violence, parents are less responsive. |
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Term
| How do low-SES parents differ from higher-SES parents, according to some research? |
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Definition
High SES: better relationship between parent-child.
Low SES: more authoritarian relationship. |
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Term
| Summarize the findings of the 3 studies about discrimination experienced by ethnic minority adolescents (hint: see the bottom of page 418). |
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Definition
| African American and Chinese had the same level of discrimination, leading to lower grade point averages., and lower levels of psychological functions. Latinos had more discrimination than both African American’s and Chinese. |
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Term
| Higher levels of screen time are linked with which outcomes (list at least 5)? |
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Definition
| Obesity, lower GPA, low school achievement, less creativity, more likely to mimic behaviors seen on TV (like sex and violence.) |
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Term
| What social policy initiatives were recommended regarding media and adolescents? |
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Definition
| Encourage socially responsible programming, supports public efforts to make the media more adolescent friendly. |
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Term
| Explain the biopsychosocial approach to understanding problems. |
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Definition
| Emphasizes that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce the problems experienced by adolescents, emerging adults, and people of other ages. |
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Term
| Summarize the biological, psychological, and social factors discussed in previous chapters that contribute to problems. |
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Definition
| Biological approach focusses on factors such as genes, puberty, hormones, and the brain as causes of adolescents. Psychological factors have been proposed as important influences on adolescent and emerging adult problems like, identity, personality traits, decision making, and self-control. Social factors have been especially highlighted as contributors to adolescent problems are the social contexts of family, peers, schools, socioeconomic status, poverty, and neighborhoods. |
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Term
| Explain the developmental psychopathology approach. |
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Definition
| Focuses on describing and exploring developmental pathways problems. |
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Term
| What is the developmental psychopathology approach? What are risk and protective factors? |
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Definition
| Many researchers in this field seek to establish links between early precursors of a problem, such as risk factors, and early experiences, and outcomes, such as substance abuse, delinquency, and depression. This approach seeks to identify risk factors that might predispose children and adolescents to develop problems such as substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and depression. |
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Term
| What are developmental cascades? What is an example of a developmental cascade from Patterson and his colleagues? |
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Definition
| Developmental cascades involve connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes. Patterson: conducted extensive research, high levels of coercive parenting and low levels of positive parenting lead to the development of antisocial behavior in children, which in turn connects children and adolescents to negative experiences in peer contexts and school contexts, which further intensifies that adolescents antisocial behavior. |
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Term
| What are differences and similarities between the diathesis-stress model and the differential susceptibility model (hint: we talked about this in class)? |
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Definition
Diathesis-stress: looks at bad and ok environment. The y-axis is psychopathology: whether its unlikely or likely to have psychopathology
In a stressful environment: people who are predisposed are more likely to have psychopathology in a bad environment but in an ok environment you’re unlikely to have psychopathology
If undisposed then they are unlikely to have psychopathology no matter what environment they’re in.
Differential susceptibility: looks at bad, okay, and good environment and y-axis looks at unlikely and likely psychopathology too.
Looks the same as diathesis in predisposed, but in good environments they do better than those who are not sensitive to the environments.
difficult temperaments vs. easy temperaments is an example. |
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Term
| Define and differentiate externalizing and internalizing problems. |
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Definition
Internalizing: when people turn their problems inward.
Externalizing: people turn their problems outward |
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Term
| What is problem-focused coping? What kind of change is it associated with following trauma and adversity? |
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Definition
| Lazarus’ term for strategy squarely facing one’s trouble and trying to solve them. If you’re having trouble with class, you might go to the study center and learn how to study harder. |
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Term
| What is emotion-focused coping? |
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Definition
| Lazarus’ term for responding to stress in an emotional manner, defense mechanisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychology, avoidance coping, or escape coping, is a maladaptive coping mechanism characterized by the effort to avoid dealing with a stressor. Coping refers to behaviors that attempt to protect oneself from psychological damage. |
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Term
| What are the individual, family, and extrafamilial context factors associated with resiliency? |
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Definition
Individual: good intellectual functioning, appealing, sociable, easy-going disposition, self-confidence, high self-esteem, talents, faith.
Family: close relationship to caring parent figure, authoritative parenting, socioeconomic advantages, connections to extended supportive family networks.
Extrafamilial: bonds to caring adults outside the family, connections to positive organizations, attending effective schools. |
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Term
| What are trends in adolescent drug use as found by Johnson and his colleagues? |
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Definition
| Illicit drug use declined in the 1980’s, but began to increase in the early part of the twenty-first century. |
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Term
| What is thought to have contributed to increases in drug use in the 1990s? |
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Definition
| “generation forgetting” contributed to the increase, as adolescents beliefs about the dangers of drugs eroded considerably. |
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Term
| What percentage of high school seniors in 2012 reported being drunk in the previous 30 days? |
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Definition
| It fell from a 1980 high of 72% to 41.5%. |
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Term
| What are hallucinogens? Which 2 hallucinogens are discussed in the chapter? |
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Definition
| Also called psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs, that modify and individuals perceptual experiences and produce hallucinogens. LSD and Marijuana. |
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Term
| What are stimulants? Which drugs are widely used stimulants? |
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Definition
| Stimulants are drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system. The most common are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine. |
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Term
| What are depressants? Which drugs are widely used depressants? |
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Definition
| Drugs that slow down the central nervous system, bodily functions, and behaviors. Mostly used, alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers. |
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Term
| Describe the difference between index and status offenses |
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Definition
Index: are criminal acts, whether they are committed by juveniles, or adults. The include things like robbery, aggravated assault, rape, and homicide.
Status: such as running away, truancy, underage drinking, sexual promiscuity, and uncontrollability, are less serious acts. |
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Term
| What are the requirements for a diagnosis of conduct disorder? |
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Definition
| The psychiatric diagnostic category used when multiple behaviors occur over a six month period. There behaviors include truancy, running away, fire setting, cruelty to animals, breaking and entering, etc. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder? |
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Definition
| An individual experiences a major depressive episode with depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks or longer, and daily functioning becomes impaired. |
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Term
| What cultural group has the highest proportion of suicide attempts in the past year? |
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Definition
| Native American/Alaska Natives |
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Term
| What have studies found are the risk factors for suicide? |
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Definition
| Being overweight and bullied, preteen alcohol use, depressive symptoms, stress at home, sexual victimization. |
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Term
| Why doesn’t the CDC have a category for obesity in children? |
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Definition
| Because of the stigma the label obesity might bring. |
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Term
| How does obesity in the U.S. compare to other countries? |
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Definition
| U.S. obesity is way more likely. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of anorexia nervosa? |
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Definition
| Involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. |
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Term
| Describe bulimia nervosa. |
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Definition
| Person who constantly binges and purges. |
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Term
| What are the 4 problems that affect the largest number of adolescents? |
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Definition
| 1. Drug abuse. 2. Juvenile delinquency. 3. Sexual problems. 4. School-related problems. |
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Term
| What are the 3 common components of successful prevention and intervention programs? |
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Definition
| Intensive individualized attention. Community-wide, multiagency collaborative approaches. Early identification and intervention. |
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