Term
| What is the purpose of Adipose Tissue? |
|
Definition
| Thermal insulator, mechanical shock absorber, improves appearance of finished carcass, improves palatability |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of marbling fat on a finished product? |
|
Definition
| Increased tenderness, increased juiciness |
|
|
Term
| Where is adipose tissue located? |
|
Definition
| beneath the skin, subQ, between muscles, behind eyeballs, surface of heart and surrounding kidneys, joints, visceral fat |
|
|
Term
| what is the adipose precursor called? |
|
Definition
| Preadipocytes or adipoblast |
|
|
Term
| what are adipocytes filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin connective tissue filled with fat. Caul fat? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin connective tissue membranes supporting intestines |
|
|
Term
| What is kidney/renal fat? |
|
Definition
| Knob of hard fat around kidneys, suet, high melting point |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of total fat does the omentum, mesentaries and kidney/renal fat make up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of fat deposition? |
|
Definition
Phase 1: internal fat, first fat deposits, viseral/kidney fat, Caul (omentum) fat and mesenteries
Phase 2: Sub Q fat, intermuscular |
|
|
Term
| How many layers of back fat do pigs have and what are they? |
|
Definition
3 layers.
1) Outer- 1st developed to provide insulation
2) Middle- thickest layer, most metabolically active
3) Inner- last layer to form |
|
|
Term
| What is intramuscular fat? |
|
Definition
| deposited between individual muscle fibres, associated with perimysium |
|
|
Term
True/False
Early maturing cattle deposit fat at an earlier age |
|
Definition
| True, physiologically ahead of late maturing breeds |
|
|
Term
| What is an early maturing breed, what is a late maturing breed? |
|
Definition
early- British breeds
late- Continental breeds |
|
|
Term
| What is leaner an intact male or a castrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cellular hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| increase in number of cells |
|
|
Term
| What is cellular hypertrophy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a double muscled animal? |
|
Definition
| an animal with cellular hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| how has the amount of fat on pigs changed in the past 50 years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is brown fat found (list 3)? |
|
Definition
| In new borns, cold adapted animals or hibernating animals |
|
|
Term
| True/False: there is brown fat in poultry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do newborns need brown fat? |
|
Definition
| they are very suseptible to the cold, brown fat is important for temperature regulation |
|
|
Term
| How is brown fat differ from white fat (6)? |
|
Definition
smaller in size
more mitochondria
high cytochrome
small triglyceride droplets
more vascular then white
abundant cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What are the different roles of brown and white fat? |
|
Definition
Brown- distribute heat
white- create energy (ATP) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to brown fat in newborns shortly after birth? |
|
Definition
| It is used up to keep the new born warm or converted to white adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| How does brown fat produce heat? |
|
Definition
| heat generation by non-shivering thermo genesis |
|
|
Term
| What does the hormone thyroxin do? |
|
Definition
| Increases base metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| What do catecholamines do? |
|
Definition
| increase metabolisim in all fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does catabolisim occur? |
|
Definition
during food restricitions
in nature- over winter
in production- before slaughter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes ketosis in dairy cows? |
|
Definition
| if nutrients in milk exceed input from diet |
|
|
Term
| what is pegnancy toxemia? |
|
Definition
| similair to ketosis, but in sheep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol back bone |
|
|
Term
| what hydrolyzes triglycerides? where does this happen? |
|
Definition
| pancreatic lipase, the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between monogastrics and ruminants? |
|
Definition
monogastrics- consume USFA that are deposited in tissue
Ruminants- consume USFA that will be predominatly hydrogenated in the rumen |
|
|
Term
| What has a higher USFA content, forages or grain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the product of meat with high USFA? |
|
Definition
| more prone to oxidation, shorter shelf life, off flavour |
|
|
Term
| what is the substrate for lipogenesis in pigs? |
|
Definition
| Glucose, synthesized 18:1 or 18:0 |
|
|
Term
| What is the substrate to lipogenesis in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| acetic acid synthesized 18:1 or 18:0 |
|
|
Term
| what does VLDL stand for? |
|
Definition
| very low density lipoprotein |
|
|
Term
| where does lipogenesis occus in poultry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reticuloendothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| what is beta adrenergie agonists similair too? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase weight gain and feed efficiency, increased musceling and retail yeild.
Decrease fat deposition |
|
|
Term
| what implants are legal/illegal in Canada? |
|
Definition
Estrogen- Legal
Testosteron- illegal
Combination- legal |
|
|
Term
True/False
Less IMF is produced when using combination then estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Zilpaterol (an implant) do? |
|
Definition
Reduces fat synthesis, increases fat break down
Increases protein synthesis, decrease protein breakdown |
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