Term
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Definition
1. chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for maintenance of normal health
2. administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure |
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Term
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Definition
Affect:
1. mood
2. cognition
3. behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Affect:
1. mood
2. cognition
3. behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| study of chemical substances (drugs) on living systems |
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Term
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Definition
| study of effects of drugs on experiences and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
1. origin
2. therapeutic use
3. chemical structure
4. mechanism of action
5. street name |
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Term
| 3 factors determine drug effects |
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Definition
1. pharmacology
2. characteristics of individual
3. context |
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Term
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Definition
1. drug's effects on chemical receptor systems in central and peripheral nervous system
2. drug actions
3. direct and indirect biochemical actions of drugs on their receptor targets |
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Term
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Definition
1. how drug passes through the body to reach its receptor target
2. route of administration
3. absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination (ADME) |
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Term
| characteristics of drug users |
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Definition
- genetics
- sex
- age
- experience
- personality
- psychological set
- interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| lifetime occurrence of an event |
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Term
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Definition
| number of first time occurrences of event during period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to individuals who actively use multiple drugs |
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Term
| drugs taken simultaneously |
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Definition
- alcohol and tobacco
- caffeine and tobacco
- candy flipping: ecstasy and LSD
-speedball: cocaine and heroin |
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Term
| Types of smoking related deaths |
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Definition
- lung cancer
- heart disease
- lung disease
- infant mortality |
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Term
| types of alcohol related deaths |
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Definition
- alcohol related accidents
- alcohol overdose
- liver disease
- other cancers, heart disease
- alcohol related violence |
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Term
| Economic costs of smoking |
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Definition
- estimated cost $157 billion
- each pack of cigarettes cost $7.18 for medical care
- smoker's cost about $3300/ yr |
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Term
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Definition
| any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal or social harm to individual or to others affects by drug user's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
- considered less severe
- causes clinically important distress or impairment
- shown in 12 month period by one or more symptoms |
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Term
| symptoms of substance abuse |
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Definition
- failure to carry out major obligations
- repeated use in hazardous situations
- repeated experience of legal problems
- still using, knowing the problems it has caused |
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Term
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Definition
- considered more severe
- diagnostic form of addiction
- 12 month period showing one or more of the symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
- scaling problems
- a single unidimensional disorder |
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Term
| symptoms of substance dependence |
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Definition
- use is great than intended
- trying to control with no success
- spending much time with alcohol or recovering from it
- abandoning work
- continue to use knowing the problems it has caused
- tolerance
- withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
- alcohol: 6400 BC
- opium: 5000 BC
- marijuana: 2500 BC
- cocaine: 2500 BC |
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Term
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Definition
- fruit consumption
- airborne alcohol could enhance olfactory localization of ripe and decaying fruit
- stimulate appetite |
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Term
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Definition
- Pre colonial native americans used tobacco and naturally occurring psychedelics (peyote)
- opiates widely used in 19th century as pain killers (soothing syrup, swelling, alcohol withdrawal, dysentery) |
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Term
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Definition
| using multiple drugs at the same time can intensify their effects |
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Term
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Definition
- 1 disorder instead of 2: use disorder
- added craving/ strong desire to list
- 2/10 symptoms met |
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Term
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Definition
| ears such that they hear communication from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth communicate with other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid sheath that speeds reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| specific area where neurotransmission occurs (release of a chemical that alters the reactivity of the following neuron) |
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Term
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Definition
1. area between pre and post synaptic neuron
2. space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released by pre- synaptic neuron to bind to receptors on post synaptic neuron and where reuptake or degradation occurs |
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Term
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Definition
1. similar to cells in body
2. can communicate with each other
3. about 100 billion in brain |
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Term
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Definition
1875- san francisco ordinance (ban opium dens)
1906- pure food drug act (control opium addiction, require labeling)
1914- harrison narcotics act
1920- 18th amendement prohibition
1933- 21st amendment- repeal prohibition
1937- marijuana tax act
1940-1970- increase in legal consquences
1965- dug abuse control amendment
1970- comprehensive drug abuse act (basis for current drug regulation) |
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Term
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Definition
- extremely difficult to enforce
- dangers of blackmarket alcohol use
- increases in marijuana use
- disproportionately affected working americans, criticized for being biased
- highly unpopular
- criminal groups took over alcohol distribution |
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Term
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Definition
- victory for temperance movement
- reduced drinking by 30-50%
- reduced alcohol related arrests
- reduced liver cirrohosis deaths
- reduced alcohol related treatment admissions |
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Term
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Definition
- heroin
- mdma
- marijuana
- quaaludes |
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Term
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Definition
- opium
- cocaine
- meth
- oxycodone
- pcp |
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Term
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Definition
- ketamine
- marinol
- tylenol w codeine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- infringement of privacy
- unclear relationship between evidence and poor job performance
- variable relationship between drug and testing
- test invalidity |
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Term
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Definition
- mimic or block neurotransmitters
- alter synthesis or transport
- affect storage or release
- alter breakdown or reuptake |
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Term
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Definition
- hindbrain
- midbrain
- forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
- medulla
- pons
- cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| - respiration, heart rate, vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- inferior colliculi
- superior colliculi
- substania nigra |
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Term
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Definition
| - integration of auditory stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| - localization of visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
- amygdala
- hippocampus
- basal ganglia
- neural basis for reward
- cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| - sensory stimuli relay station |
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Term
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Definition
- regulation of ingestive behavior and metabolism
- control of body temp
- sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| - aggression, fear, emotion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
- responsible for parkinson's disease |
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Term
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Definition
- mesolimbic dopamine pathway
- activated by basic non drug activities (food, sex, monetary rewards)
- all drugs activate, directly or indirectly |
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Term
| dopamine pathways functions |
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Definition
- reward (motivation)
- pleasure, euphoria
- motor function (fine tuning)
- preservation |
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Term
| serotonin pathways functions |
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Definition
- mood
- memory processing
- sleep
- cognition |
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Term
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Definition
- occipital: vision
- parietal: integrates sensory info
- temporal: speech, language, and hearing
- frontal: executive functioning (higher cognition and goal directed) |
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Term
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Definition
- higher processing of sensation and perception
- speech and language
- seat of consciousness and cognition |
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Term
| executive functioning (frontal lobes) |
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Definition
- choice behavior (decision making)
- value attribution
- behavioral inhibition
- working memory
- abstract thought
- moral reasoning
- empathy
- consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
- most common
- stomach> GI tract
- relatively slow
- messy
- first pass metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
- fast and effective
- gaseous form or microdroplets (tobacco, cocaine)
- relatively small unit of consumption |
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Term
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Definition
- subcutaneous:easiest injection approach, relatively slow, drugs may serve irritants
- intramuscular: deeper site, faster, risk for infection
- intravenous: (mainlining) very rapid, risk for infection, HIV hepatitis |
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Term
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Definition
- under tongue
- faster than oral but relatively slow
- typically not used therapeutically because of unpleasant tastes |
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Term
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Definition
- snorting
- relatively quick
- mucous membrane diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
- through skin (natural barrier)
- large surface area
- high blood flow is associated with faster absorption |
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Term
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Definition
5. oral/ transdermal
4. subcutaneous injection
3. intramuscular injection
2. intranasal/ sublingual
1. inhalation/ intravenous |
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Term
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Definition
- 1st pass metabolism
- alcohol>acetaldelhyde> acetate
- pathways: kidneys, liver, respiriation |
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Term
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Definition
| - independent of concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| - varies based on concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| - rate and extent to which a drug leaves its site of administration and enters the body |
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Term
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Definition
| - ability of a drug to penetrate body membranes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - portion of a drug that reaches its site of action |
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Term
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Definition
- GABA
- glutamate
- endorphins
- acetylcholine
- monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine) |
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Term
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Definition
- primary inhibitor or (breaks)
- widespread and used throughout brain |
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Term
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Definition
| - primary excitatory chemical or (gas) |
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Term
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Definition
- cns equivalent to adrenaline in pns
- related to arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| - diverse effects associated with mood, sleep, appetite, etc |
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Term
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Definition
- critical role in reward and motivation
- partially related to pleasure
- how "valuable" stimulus is and in movement initiation |
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Term
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Definition
- natural pain relieving chemicals and play roles in positive feelings and rewards as well as subective pleasure
-endogenous opiates |
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Term
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Definition
- 1st neurotransmitters discovered
- important in learning/ cognition and muscle movement |
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Term
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Definition
- increase NT activity
- cocaine/ amphetamines (act on dopamine and NE)
- nicotine acts on acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
- decrease NT activity
- chlopromazine
- atropine |
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Term
| electrroencephalography EEG |
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Definition
| - uses emitted electrical activity to measure brain activity |
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Term
| computerized axial tomography CAT |
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Definition
| - x rays to get a 3d image of brain |
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Term
| positron emission tomography PET |
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Definition
| - uses radioactive isotopes to measure brain structure and activity |
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Term
| magnetic resonance imaging MRI/ fMRI |
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Definition
| -uses magnetic fields to measure brain structure, function, and activity |
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Term
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Definition
- solubility
- diffusibility
- bioavailability |
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Term
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Definition
- signal received reaches threshold, + ions flow which rapidly depolarizes neuron= action potential
- action potential reaches terminal and releases neurotransmitters into synapse
- neuro bind to receptor molecules on post synaptic and excite next neuron
- either taken back up into pre synaptic or destroyed by enzymes |
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Term
| alcohol: pharmacokinetics |
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Definition
- ingestion: oral
-distribution: total body water
- absorption: small intestine, food alters time, 1st pass metabolism
- metabolism: 10-14g/ hr |
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Term
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Definition
- implicated in 30% of all cancer deaths
- 80-90% of lung cancer deaths |
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Term
| smoking and obstructive lung disease |
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Definition
| - 80-90% are caused by smoking |
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Term
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Definition
- thread like structures in cell nuclei that contain an organism's da
- conception conjoins one maternal and one paternal chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| - an organism's total genetic material |
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Term
| history of nicotine- 15th century |
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Definition
- indigenous americans
- tobacco market controlled by spanish
- brought back to europe during late 15th century |
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Term
| withdrawal syndrome- nicotine |
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Definition
- craving
- anxiety
- irritability/ impatience
- difficulty concentrating
- restlessness
- increased appetite
- GI complaints |
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Term
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Definition
- a specific sequence in genome that controls transmission or expression of one or more traits
- functional unit of inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
- ancient beginnings, variable levels of consumption
- hammurabi of babylon, egyptains, greeks and romans
- dark ages, middle ages, renaissance, colonial period
- 20th century: hoovers experiment (18th amendment), repeal (21st amendment) |
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Term
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Definition
- u.s. standard drink- 14g of ethanol
- proof: double the %
- beer: 12 oz of 5% alcohol
- wine: 5oz of 12% alcohol
- liquor: 1-5 oz of 40% alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| - % of alcohol in one's blood |
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Term
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Definition
- ever consumed alcohol 98%
- annual use 80%
- last month 63& |
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Term
| history nicotine- 16th century |
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Definition
- widespread use in europe, asia
- initiated penalties from smoking by leaders |
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Term
| 1492- mid 1600s- nicotine history |
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Definition
- nicotine viewed by many as possessing medicinal qualities
- "cure all" |
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Term
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Definition
- nicotine isolated from tobacco and discovered to be highly toxic and addictive
- by civil war, medicinal use ended |
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Term
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Definition
1830-1860: increasingly identified as dangerous and toxic
1963: u.s. peak |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to amount of time it takes for half of drug to be distributed throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
- increases arousal
- increases tone and activity of GI tract
- increases attention, learning and memory
- reduced appetite
- alleviates withdrawal
- raises dopamine levels
- biphasic effect at low/ high doses |
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Term
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Definition
- low: stimulatory effect
- high: inhibitory effect of neural transmission |
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Term
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Definition
- pallor
- nausea
- tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
- hyperthermia (elevated temp)
- diaphoresis (excessive sweating) |
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Term
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Definition
- reduces cravings and negative affect
- partial agonist of a4b2 nicotinic receptors
- results in mild increase 32% in na da
- reduces da release
- operate reducing the reinforcing effects of nicotine by attenuating each sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
-reduces cravings and negative affect but increases insomnia
- acts on 3 systems: DA (weak agonist), NE (weak agonist), 5HT (weak antagonist)
- alleviation of withdrawal (da and ne effects)
- attenuating nicotine's reinforcing effects |
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Term
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Definition
| - interested in changing, making plans for action, needs to commit to take action |
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Term
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Definition
| engaged in specific activities to change |
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Term
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Definition
| continues to use of behavior change activities |
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Term
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Definition
| matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity |
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Term
| appropriate for goal of moderation |
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Definition
- younger individuals
- better psychosocial functioning
- less alcohol dependent
- individual who do not label themselves alcoholics
- individuals who identified abstinence as a goal |
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Term
| alcoholism psychological treatments |
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Definition
- motivational enhancement therapy
- reinforcement based approaches
- community reinforcement approach
- contingency management
- coping skills training |
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Term
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Definition
- too little nicotine (after body adapts to its chronic presence)
- cravings
- anxiety
- irritability/ impatience
- attentional problems
- increased appetite
- GI complaints |
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Term
| basic goal of quantitative genetic studies/ example |
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Definition
- characterize statistical heritability of conditions based on typical genetic overlap
- twin studies |
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Term
| most common nicotine related phenotypes and heritability |
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Definition
- 50%
- nicotine dependence, quantitative measures of smoking, smoking initiation, smoking persistence |
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Term
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Definition
| - a quantitative study of many previous studies |
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Term
| skill domains with coping/ social skills therapy |
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Definition
- interpersonal skills
- cognitive emotional mood regulation skills
- stress reduction skills- coping with craving and alcohol related contexts |
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Term
| history cocaine- indigenous south americans |
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Definition
- began chewing coca leaf
- done for religious, medicinal, and work related purposes |
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Term
| history cocaine- european use |
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Definition
1855-1860: isolation of cocaine alkaloid (very potent portion of leaf) responsible for intense effects
1880s: anesthetic use, cocaine became an epidemic, started to be prescribed then sold over counter as anesthetic
- recreational use (wines, coca cola)
- conflicting experiences with chewing coca (good/bad) |
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Term
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Definition
- larger player in health consequences of smoking
- depletes oxygen from tissues of body, most evidently in heart and brain |
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Term
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Definition
- develops quickly
- consumption can escalate rapidly, resulting in physiological dependence |
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Term
| pregnant women and nicotine |
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Definition
- increase rates of abortion
- premature births
- low birth weight |
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Term
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Definition
| contains carcinogens and main contributor to cancer related illness |
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Term
| 5 stages of change through motivation |
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Definition
1. pre-contemplation
2. contemplation
3. preparation
4. action
5. maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
| either unaware of problems or uninterested in changing |
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Term
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Definition
| - consider pros and cons of a problem and pros and cons of trying to change |
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Term
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Definition
- coca leaf>oral
- coca paste> smokable
- street cocaine> intranasal/ injection
- crack> smokable |
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Term
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Definition
| chemically, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxl group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group |
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Term
| mechanisms of nicotine replacement therapy |
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Definition
- involves physical dependence
- replaces nicotine and gradually weans individuals off nicotine
- low abuse liability due to pharmacokinectics
- high tolerability over the counter |
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Term
| nicotine replacement therapy |
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Definition
- patch
- gum
- lozenge
- inhaler
- spray |
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Term
| treatment for nicotine dependence |
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Definition
- fda approved pharmacological treatments
- nicotine replacement therapy
- bupropion
- varenicline |
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Term
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Definition
- brief advice
- individual counseling
- group counseling
- telephone support |
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Term
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Definition
- compare individual genotypes or combinations of genotypes based on group characteristics
- case control design
- genes investigated primarily related to nicotine's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics |
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Term
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Definition
| either of alternative forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| active ingredients in psychosocial treatments |
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Definition
- coping skills (identifying triggers, problem solving, skills training)
- social support |
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Term
| side effects of BUP and VRN |
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Definition
- varenicline: nausea, abnormal dreams
- buproprion: insomnia
- both: dry mouth and anxiety |
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Term
| community reinforcement approach package |
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Definition
- martial therapy
- job club
- social/ leisure counseling
- social club
- home visits
- problem solving
- relaxation training |
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Term
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Definition
- yeast metabolize dissolved in sugar
- result: ethanol and carbon dioxide
- grape juice> wine
- grain> beer
- distilling wine or beer> hard liquor |
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Term
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Definition
- isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)
- methyl alcohol (wood alcohol)
- ethanol (potable alcohol) |
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Term
| alcoholism- pharmacological treatments |
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Definition
- naltrexone
- acamprosate
- topiramate |
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Term
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Definition
- oral: 10-15 minutes, slow and even
- intranasal: 3-10 minutes
- intravenous and inhalation: 15-30 seconds, near instantaneous |
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Term
| history- emergence of misuse for cocaine |
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Definition
1900: abuse potential is increasingly evident
1914: sale and distribution outlawed by harrison narcotic act
1970: controlled substance act schedule II |
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Term
| overdose risk for cocaine |
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Definition
- heart attack
- cardiac arrhythmia
- stroke
- respiratory collapse from seizures |
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Term
| behavioral effects for cocaine (post intoxication) |
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Definition
- anxiety
- impulsivity
- dysphoria/ depression
- anger/ irritability
- anhedonia
- motoric disorders
- paranoia/ psychotic (formication)
- stimulant psychosis (similar to schizophrenia) |
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Term
| heighten arousal for cocaine |
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Definition
- heart rate
- pupillary dilation
- broncodilation
- sympathomimetic |
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Term
| acute effects for cocaine |
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Definition
- euphoria/ elation
- alertness
- rapid speech
- arousal effects |
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Term
| nicotine's +/ - reinforcing properties |
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Definition
- mild stimulation (pr)
- improved GI tone and activity (pr)
- enhanced attention, learning and memory (pr)
- appetite suppressant (nr)
- alleviates withdrawal (nr)
- pr= provision of outcomes that strengthens behavior
- nr= removal of outcome that strengthens behavior |
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Term
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Definition
- partially responsible for nicotine breakdown
- lower probability of being a smoker
- among smokers, fewer cigarettes and lighter topography |
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Term
|
Definition
- significantly greater smoking induced reward
- greater nicotine dependence |
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Term
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Definition
- 8-12 hours: runny nose/ eyes, sweats, irritability, tremor
- 48-72 hrs: pupil dilation, anorexia, pilerection (goose bumps)
- long term: hypersensitivity to pain, anhedonia- can't enjoy pleasure emotions |
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Term
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Definition
- 1792: initial control of opium
- lots of abuse
- opium wars with uk
- 1868: 27% adult males addicted |
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Term
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Definition
- dried opium is smoked
- plant papaver somniferum
- active ingredient- morphine
- native to middle east and mediterranean sea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pain relief produced without loss of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
- drug produced chemically processing morphine, more potent than morphine
- major opiate drug of abuse
- alternative to morphine |
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Term
|
Definition
- short acting opiate ANTAGONIST
- decrease stimulant effects
- increase sedative effects
- decrease cravings
- significant but modest effects |
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Term
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Definition
- via circulatory system
- speed to blood depends on speed to other areas
- metabolized by liver
- excreted through urine |
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Term
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Definition
- extensive
- prototypical shift from + to - takes place
- behavioral tolerance plays an important role in overdose |
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Term
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Definition
- oral (prescription)
- inhalation (opium)
- intranasal (heroin, prescription)
- intravenous (heroin, morphine)
- transdermal (fentanyl patch) |
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Term
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Definition
- isolated from opium by serturner
- more potent than opium
- analgesic effects
- 1827: commercially available by merk
- soldiers disease |
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Term
|
Definition
- hydrocondone
- hydromorphone
- oxycodone
- fentanyl |
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Term
| short term effects opiates |
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Definition
- decreased body temp and blood pressure
- pupil constriction
- drying of secretion
- constipation
- decreased sex drive
- respiratory depression
- analgesia
- euphoria |
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Term
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Definition
- synethetic opion
- mu agonist
- longer lasting
- reduce cravings and withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
- synethetic opoin
- alleviates craving and withdrawal
- bocks reward
- more convenient |
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Term
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Definition
1874: wright invents diacetylmorphine (heroin)
1898: heinrich dresser finds dia is more potent
- name for heroic effects |
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Term
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Definition
- overdose risk
- injection (aids/ hepatitis, liver kidney damage, organ damage) |
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Term
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Definition
1960s: naloxone blocks morphine
1970s: receptors for opiates
- natura, morphine substances in brain
- excitation of DA in vta> nacc via inhibition of GABA at vta |
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Term
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Definition
- 95% by enzyme alcohol dehydryogensae
- rest urine and evaporates in breathing |
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Term
| groups who benefit from disulfiram |
|
Definition
-older individuals
- socially stable |
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Term
| withdrawal symptoms alcohol |
|
Definition
- hrs after: shakes, sweats, headaches, weakness, nausea
- 24hrs: grand mal seizures
- 30 hrs- 4 days: tremens, disorientation, rapid HR, hallucinations and delusions |
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Term
|
Definition
- mild GABA agonist
- glutamate antagonist
- decrease long term GABA and glutamate dysregulation |
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|
Term
| medications for alcohol treatment |
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Definition
- disulfiram
- naltrexone
- acamprosate
- topiramate- not fda approved |
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Term
|
Definition
- encodes mu opioid receptor
- activity at mu= pleasure and rewards
- AA= typical sensitivity
- AG/GG= increase sensitivity
- increases risk of AUD |
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Term
|
Definition
- 1/1 normal activity
- 1/2 or 2/2 low activity
- more common in asian populations
- acute toxic response
- low risk of alcohol use disorder
- 1 or more alleles= protective effects against developing disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
-connects genetic variation with clinical condition
- increasing way to understand genetic influences
- 2 studies: ALDH2 and OPRM1 |
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Term
|
Definition
- associated with agression, self harm, robbery, assault
- about 35% suicide completers
- acts as disinhibitor
- studies don't support clear relationship between 2 |
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|
Term
| sensorimotor effects of alcohol |
|
Definition
- impairs vision, taste, and smell
- decreased pain when BAC .08-.10
- slows simple reaction time and complex reaction time
- impairs psychomotor performance and divided attention ability |
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Term
|
Definition
- large aggregate genetic influences
- types: adoption, twin, animal studies
- small individual genotype influences |
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Term
|
Definition
- stimulant: increase excitement, talkative
- sedative: decrease sluggish, cognitive slowing |
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Term
|
Definition
- GABA excitation: sedation and anxiety reduce
- glutatmate INHIBITION: cognitive problems
- opioid excitation: pleasure/ analgesia
- opioid receptors INHIBIT GABAc neurons to control da receptors |
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|
Term
| alcohol induced brain damaged |
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Definition
- wernicke korsakoff syndrome
- liver disease |
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|
Term
| alcohol and sexual response |
|
Definition
- doesn't increase sexual response
- expectancy effects plays role |
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Term
|
Definition
- inflammation from cell death and accumulation of scar tissue
- irreversible 50%
- alcohol dependence leading cause of cirrhosis
- 15% of alcoholics develop this |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- highly vulnerable
- major metabolizer of alcohol
- potential damage: fatty liver and alcohol hepatitis, cirrhosis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- permanent irreversible brain damage from alcohol
- severe memory impairment, confusion, and confabulation |
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Term
|
Definition
- caused by long term heavy drinking and nutritional deficiency (thiamine)
- acute symptoms: confusion, staggering, memory problems |
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Term
|
Definition
- mild GABA AGONISM
- glutamate ANTAGONIST
- fda for migraines and acts anticonvulsant
- reducing alcohol: unknown
- better for heavy drinking |
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|
Term
| why marijuana is only consumed about 20% |
|
Definition
- side stream smoke
- combustion
- incomplete absorption |
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Term
|
Definition
- solid (brownies) or liquid (tea)
- inefficient: liver clears some THC
- effects longer 4-6 hours
- peak plasma 1-2 hours |
|
|
Term
| pharmacodynamics marijuana |
|
Definition
- exerts effects: endocanabonoids
- anandamide activates 2 types of receptors: cd1 and cd2
- THC mimics anadamide with direct and indirect effects |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- called cannabis sativa
- hemp: fiber source
- marijuana: top leafy portion
- hashish: dust of plant resisn |
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|
Term
| fetal effects for marijuana |
|
Definition
- increased risk premature birth
- lower weight/ shorter length
- increased risk for childhood cancer and ADHD symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
- moderate
- contingent on persistent heavy use |
|
|
Term
| long term effects marijuana |
|
Definition
- physiological dependence
- amotivational syndrome
- reproductive effects
- substance dependence |
|
|
Term
| effects when THC mimics anandamide |
|
Definition
- powerful cb1 agonism
- choosy GABA ANTAGONISM
- DA AGONISM: preceding GABA effects
- actions simliar to opiates |
|
|
Term
| pharmacokinetics of marijuana |
|
Definition
- metabolized by liver
- excreted slowly= urine and feces
- detected at least 30 days in drug test |
|
|
Term
| history of marijuana in Americas |
|
Definition
1545: chile by spainards
1611: raised for fiber in virginia
- hemp raised in chile, vi, and new england by 1629
1800s: some medicinal use
- low recreational use until 1920s
1920s: smoking introduced in USA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- stone age: fiber
2800 BC: medicinally in china
10th century: arabs used hashish
11th century: egyptians used hashish
1800s: medicinal use in uk and france
1960s: became popular in europe |
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|
Term
| withdrawal syndrome (less common)- marijuana |
|
Definition
- chills
- depressed mood
- stomach pain/ physical discomfort
- shakiness
- sweating |
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|
Term
| withdrawal syndrome (most common) marijuana |
|
Definition
- anger, irritability, aggression
- anxiety/ nervousness
- decreased appetite/ weight loss
- restlessness
- sleep difficulties/ strange dreams |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- reduced capacity to accomplish goals
- probable roles: selection bias, expectancies, ifestyles) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- controversial but now more convincing
- contingent on persistent heavy use |
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|
Term
| short term effects of marijuana |
|
Definition
- relaxation, mild euphoria
- augmented sense of humor
- perceptual abnormalities- time alter
- augmented appetite
- mild analgesia
- (-) reactions: paranoia, loss of control, panic |
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|
Term
| cognitive effects marijuana |
|
Definition
- impaired short term memory
- impaired concentration |
|
|
Term
| reproductive effects marijuana |
|
Definition
- males: decrease sperm and motility
- females: nonovulatory menstrual cycles |
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|
Term
| adverse effects of hallucinogens |
|
Definition
- acute psychotic reactions (bad trips)
- long term psychological deficits |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- class of drugs including PCP (phencyclidine) and ketpamine (special k)
- produce intoxication at moderate levels
- surgical anesthesia at high levels
- synthesized in 1956 |
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Term
|
Definition
-dissociative anesthetic
- pcp |
|
|
Term
| serotonergic hallucinogens |
|
Definition
- class of drugs that includes LSd and drugs w similar effects and mechanisms of actions
- induce powerful hallucinatory and mystical experiences |
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Term
|
Definition
| - an LSD like found in peyote cactus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- class of drugs including mda and mdma
- sympathomimetic
- don't product visual hallucinations
- long term brain destruction of serontonergic terminals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| - an LSD like found in mushrooms |
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|
Term
| ROA serotonergic hallucinogens |
|
Definition
- oral
- transdermal
- 20-60 mins to effects |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- synthetic compound
-discovered by albert hofmann
- effects serontonergic neurons
- sympathomimetic drug
- no dependence problems
- flashbacks reported |
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|
Term
| history serontonergic hallucinogens |
|
Definition
- used in religious rituals by aztecs
1938/1943: LSD albert hoffmann
1950s: examined for psychotherapy
1960s: use increased followed by sharp declines
1970s/ 1980s: further declines |
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|
Term
| what part of brain does serontonergic hallucinogens disrupt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| duration of serontonergic hallucinogens |
|
Definition
- LSD 8-12 hrs
- psilocybin 3-4 hrs
- metabolize quick- undetectable for 72 hrs |
|
|
Term
| meth amphetamines history |
|
Definition
1914: merck patented mdma
1960s: DOM use more common
1970s: mdma increase
- legal until 1985- schedule 1
1990s: increase mdma |
|
|
Term
| pharmacokinetics meth amphetamines |
|
Definition
- oral 10-15 mins
- consumed intranasally 3-10 mins or intravenously
- inhalation 15-30 seconds
- absorbed rapidly
- last 6-8 hrs |
|
|
Term
| pharmacodynamics meth amphetamines |
|
Definition
- acute release of DA, NE, 5HT
- blocks reuptake of 5HT and DA |
|
|
Term
| experimental effects: meth amphetamines |
|
Definition
- euphoria
- well being
- emotional warmth
- lowered defensiveness
- increased verbal behavior |
|
|
Term
| hangover effects of meth amphetamines |
|
Definition
- opposite of intoxicating effects
- dysphoria
- irritability
- lethargy |
|
|
Term
| long term effects of meth amphetamines |
|
Definition
- cell death due to over stimulation
- focal and brain damage
- damage to serotonin transmission
- damage evident at 7 yr follow up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - over stimulation to point of cell death |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- inhalation (primary)
- oral 2 hrs
- intravenous
- peak 5-15 mins
- remains in body 2 days
- selective GLUTAMATE ANTAGONIST
- effects last 4-6 hrs |
|
|
Term
| acute effects for dissociative |
|
Definition
- well being and euphoria
-numbness
- slurred speech
- sedative effects
- hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| physiological effects for dissociative |
|
Definition
- profuse sweating
- rapid HR
- disrupted eye movement (nystagmus) |
|
|
Term
| overdose for dissociative |
|
Definition
- seizure
- coma
- respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
| most to least potent hallucinogens |
|
Definition
1. LSD
2. LSA
3. psilocybin
4. medacaline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- special k
- dissociative anesthetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - drugs that have capacity to alter perceptual, cognitive, and emotional states |
|
|
Term
| 3 classes of hallucinogens |
|
Definition
- serontonergic
- meth amphetamines
- dissociative |
|
|
Term
| meth amphetamines medicinal use |
|
Definition
- cold and sinus symptoms
- obesity
- narcoelspy
- heroin addiction |
|
|
Term
| history of meth amphetamines |
|
Definition
- 1914: harrison act
- 1920s: medicinal use
1960-70s: epidemic of abuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 12 steps
- founded in 1935
- 90 meetings in 90 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - patients randomly assigned to 12 steps, cognitive behavioral coping skill, motivational enhancement therapy |
|
|
Term
| psychological treatments for alcoholism |
|
Definition
- motivational enhancement therapy
- reinforcement based approaches
- coping social skills |
|
|
Term
| motivational enhancement therapy |
|
Definition
- attempts to move individuals through various stages of change
- uses and supports individual's own plans and goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- delivery of reinforcing responses contingent on occurrence of target response
- reinforcing substance abstinence and opportunities to earn alternative rewards |
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