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Adaptive Immunity
7.29 at 8am by Dr. Sturtevant
35
Immunology
Professional
07/31/2011

Additional Immunology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What's the difference between immunoglobulins and antibodies?
Definition
immunoglobulins are b cell receptors, antibodies are secreted soluble forms of b cell receptors
Term
Name the genes that create the chains of the T cell receptor.
Definition
the beta chain is from V,D, and J chain segments. The alpha chain is from V and J chains.
Term
Name the genes that create the chains of the B cell receptor
Definition
heavy chain is by V, D, and J chain segments. light chain is by the V and J chains
Term
Where is the adaptive immune response initiated?
Definition
secondary lymphoid tissues (BALT, Peyers patches, lymph nodes, etc.)
Term
How does the pathogen get to the secondary lymphoid organ?
Definition
pathogen undergoes endocytosis by the dendritic cell and then the dendritic cell migraes to lymph vessel
Term
Dendritic cells travel to the secondary lymphoid tissue to activate what naive cell?
Definition
T cells and B cells ! (the cells go from naive cells to effector cells)
Term
MHC I degrades ________ pathogens and then presents them to _________.
Definition
intracellular; cytotoxic t cells
Term
MHC II degrades _______ pathogens and then presents them to ________.
Definition
extracellular; helper T cells
Term
How is a cytotoxic T cell activated?
Definition
MHC molecule on infected cell binds with both CD8 and T cell receptor (CD8 is co-receptor)
Term
How are helper T cells activated?
Definition
interact with MHC II complex on either B cell or macrophage with TCR and CD4 (CD 4 as co receptor)
Term
Name two ways in which helper T cells help other cells fight infection
Definition
1) activate macrophages by direct contact or cytokines, 2) induce B cells to make antibodies
Term
Ratio of CD4:CD8=
Definition
2:1
Term
Activated cytotoxic T cells leave lymphoid tissue and arrive at infected tissue via...
Definition
lymph vessels or blood stream
Term
Instead of secreting antibodies, a small percentage of B cells can combat infection by ______________.
Definition
migrating to the site of infection, directly binding to the pathogen, and thereby target pathogen for macrophage
Term
Unlike T cells, B cells can directly recognize an antigen. WHat do they do with this antigen?
Definition
bind pathogen, receptor-mediated endocytosis, pathogen degraded and MHC II displays pathogen peptides on B cell surface. B cell remains in lymph node
Term
What happens when B cells present antigen to helper T cells?
Definition
helper T cells secrete cytokines that induce B cell to proliferate, differentiate, and produce antibodies
Term
Name the five isotypes of antibodies.
Definition
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
Term
Naive, circulating B cells express which classes of antibody?
Definition
IgD and IgM
Term
THe first antibody to be secreted is of which class of antibodies?
Definition
IgM
Term
What are the main isotypes of antibodies in body fluids?
Definition
IgM, IgA, IgG
Term
Where is IgA transported to bind pathogens and toxins?
Definition
mucosal surfaces
Term
What is agglutination?
Definition
when antibodies bind to two cells and thereby crosslink the cells. This hinders ability of microbes to spread.
Term
How do antibodies neutralize infections?
Definition
they bind to toxins (thereby preventing toxins to binding to human cells) Then macrophage recognizes Fc portion of antibody and endocytose and degrades toxin
Term
Macrophages can endocytose pathogens that are tagged with either ________ or _______.
Definition
IgG via constant region (Fc) OR C3b deposited on bacterial surface
Term
Antibodies work with eosinophils by...
Definition
recognizing and binding to parasitic worms so the eosinophil can kill the worm
Term
Somatic hypermutation
Definition
Introduces nucleotide substitutions in variable regions of rearranged IgH and L chains. Then you can select for antibodies that bind more tightly to the pathogen
Term
How long does it take to get a primary immune reponse? A secondary immune response?
Definition
primary- 1-2 weeks; secondary 3-4 days
Term
It is important that T and B cells exhibit central immunological tolerance so that they....
Definition
don't kill your own cells
Term
How do allergens cause inflammation?
Definition
IgE mediated degranulation of mast cells
Term
ELISA stands for...
Definition
enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay
Term
Immunoblotting is also known as __________.
Definition
Western blotting
Term
What type of lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity?
Definition
b cells
Term
What type of lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?
Definition
T lymphocytes
Term
The part of the antigen bound by a B or T cell receptor is called the ______.
Definition
epitope
Term
Definition of antigen:
Definition
molecules that are recognized by receptors on lymphocytes
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