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The "but for" test for determining factual causation. |
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Defendant's actions had to significantly contribute to the consequences. |
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De minimus principle. Defendant's actions had to have more than a minimal role in the consequence. |
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The defendant's actions had to have been an operative and substantial cause of the consequences. |
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Voluntary assumption of care. |
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Duty of care arising from a special relationship. |
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Duty to avert danger created. |
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Chain of causation will not be broken if consequences of a new intervening act were brought about by the defendant's original action. |
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Chain of causation will not be broken by the victim's actions unless they were so "daft" that the reasonable person would not have undertaken them. |
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