Term
| ARE CARBOHYDRATES AND FATTY ACIDS FAT OR WATER SOLUBLE. |
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Definition
| CARBOHYDRATES ARE WATER SOLUBLE EX. GLUCOSE AND FATTY ACIDS ARE LIPID SOLUBLE EX. OLIVE OIL. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES THE GLYCOPROTEIN AND GLYCOLIPIDS COME FROM ON THE POLAR HEADS LOCATED ON THE EXTRACELLULAR SIDE? |
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Definition
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Term
| DESCRIBE WHAT IS ATTACHED TO A PROTEIN. |
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Definition
| A CENTER CARBON WITH A HYDROGEN ATTACHED, AN R GROUP (WHICH IS AN AMINO ACID), CARBOXYL GROUP (COO-), AND AN AMINO GROUP (+H3N). |
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Term
| WHAT ARE PROTEINS MADE UP OF? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW DOES PROTEINS OBTAIN THEIR SHAPE? |
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Definition
| THROUGH THE SEQUENCE IN AMINO ACIDS ALONG WITH THE CHARGES FROM THE R GROUPS. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE IS A MUTATION TO THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN? |
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Definition
| THERE IS A CHANGE IN THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE. |
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Term
| WHAT IS PROTEIN DENATURATION MEAN? WHAT CAUSES IT? |
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Definition
| WHEN THE BONDS BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS ARE WEAKEN OR BREAK. IT OCCURS WHEN THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION GOES UP AND HAS A PROFICIENT CHANGE IN CHARGE. |
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Term
| WHEN IS THE AFFINITY FOR BINDING ALTERED? |
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Definition
| DURING A CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE IN THE PROTEIN. |
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Term
| WHAT IS POTASSIUM EFFLIUX MEAN? |
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Definition
| WHEN THERE IS A POTASSIUM CHANNEL OPEN AND LET INTRACELLULAR POTASSIUM MOVE DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT TO THE EXTRACELLULAR SIDE. |
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Term
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Definition
| THROUGH A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. |
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Term
| WHAT IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT? |
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Definition
| TO MOVE SUBSTANCE ACROSS A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT (FROM AREA OF LOW TO HIGH CONCENTRATION) REQUIRES ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE ACTION POTENTTIAL. |
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Definition
| DURING AN ACTION POTENTIAL SODIUM COMES INTO THE CELL AND POTASSIUM GOES OUTSIDE THE CELL. THIS MOVES THROUGH A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT EVERY TIME WE HAVE AN ACTION POTENTIAL SODIUM NEEDS TO FIND A WAY TO BE REMOVED FROM INSIDE THE CELL ALONG WITH POTASSIUM TO BE MOVED BACK INTO THE CELL. THIS IS DONE BY NA/K ATPASE WHICH IS AN ENZYME. INSIDE THE NA/K ATPASE THERE IS A HIGH AFFINITY FOR BINDING TO SODIUM. WHEN THE SODIUM BINDS TO THE NA/K ATPASE, THE NA/K ATPASE HYDROLYZES ATP (SPLITS THE MOLECULE INTO 2 PARTS; ADP AND P). THE ENERGY THAT IS GIVEN OFF IS WHAT CAUSES THE CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE IN SHAPE. THE CHANGE IN SHAPE NOW EXPELS NA TO THE EXTRACELLULAR SIDE. SO THIS ONCE HIGH AFFINITY BINDING SITE FOR NA NOW TURNED INTO A LOW AFFINITY BINDING SITE FOR NA. THE GOOD THING ABOUT THIS IS THAT THE LOW AFFINITY BINDING SITE FOR SODIUM IS NOW A HIGH AFFINITY BINDING SITE FOR K. SO BY HYDROLYZING ONE ATP I CAN GET RID OF 3 NA SODIUM IONS AND CAN MOVE 2 K IONS BACK INTO THE CELL. THE BINDING OF K CHANGES THE CONFORMATION BACK TO THE ORIGINAL FOR, (OPEN ON THE INSIDE OF THE CELL). THIS STARTS THE CYCLE ALL OVER AGAIN. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE NUMERICAL VALUE FOR HOW MANY NA MOVE OUT THERE ARE X AMOUNT OF K THAT MOVES BACK IN? |
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Definition
| FOR EVERY 3 NA THAT MOVES OUT 2 K MOVES BACK IN. |
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Term
| WHAT IS ELECTROGENIC TRANSPORTER? |
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Definition
| A TYPE OF TRANSPORTER THAT CAUSES A NEGATIVE CHARGE INSIDE THE CELL. |
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Term
| DOES AN ELECTRONEUTRAL TRANSPORTER REQUIRE ENERGY? GIVE AN EXAMPLE. |
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Definition
| NO. THE CHARGES ARE NEUTRAL. EX. HCO3- AND CL-. WITH BICARB MOVES IN CHLORIDE MOVES OUT. THE CHARGES ARE EQUAL. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE NET MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION OF WATER (LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES) TO ONE OF LOWER CONCENTRATION OF WATER. THE ONLY THING THAT MOVES THROUGH OSMOSIS IS WATER. |
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Term
| NAME THE 2 WAYS WATER CAN PASS THROUGH PLASMA MEMBRANES? |
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Definition
| 1) THROUGH A LIPID BILAYER BY SIMPLE DIFFUSION 2) THROUGH AQUAPORINS, INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS LOCATED IN THE NEPHRONS. |
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Term
| WHEN THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES INCREASE WHAT DOES THE CONCENTRATION OF WATER DO CONSIDERING OSMOSIS HASN'T HAPPENED? |
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Definition
| THE CONCENTRATION OF WATER DECREASES. |
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Term
| TRUE OR FALSE; THE LARGER THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, THE MORE OSMOSIS OCCURS. |
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Definition
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Term
| NAME THE 3 TYPES OF CAPILLARY PRESSURES. |
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Definition
| HYDROSTATIC, OSMOSIS, AND ONCOTIC (COLLOID OSMOTIC) |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE? |
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Definition
| THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE NEEDED TO BRING THE DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH THE SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE BACK INTO EQUILIBRIUM IN WHICH THERE IS NO NET DIFFUSION. THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE TELLS US THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE THAT IS REQUIRED TO OVERCOME THE PRESSURE THAT IS GENERATED BY THE DIFFUSION OF WATER. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND ONCOTIC PRESSURE. WHERE DO WE GENERATE THESE PRESSURE AT? |
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Definition
| THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE IS GENERATED BY ELECTROLYTES. THE ONCOTIC PRESSURES ARE GENERATED BY PROTEINS LIKE ALBUMIN. WE GENERATE OSMOTIC PRESSURES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE. WE GENERATE ONCOTIC PRESSURES ACROSS THE CAPILLARY WALL. WE DO NOT GENERATE OSMOTIC PRESSURES. THERE IS NO OSMOTIC PRESSURE GENERATED ACROSS THE CAPILLARY WALL. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE A REFLEXTION OF? |
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Definition
| THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. INCREASE THE CONCENTRATION, INCREASE THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE? |
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Definition
| THE PRESSURE THAT THE FLUIDS EXERT ON WALL OF CAPILLARIES OR VEINS TO KEEP THAT VESSEL OPEN. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU PUT A RBC IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION. |
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Definition
| THE RBC SWELLS R/T OSMOSIS OF WATER GOING INTO THE CELL TO DILUTE THE SALT THAT IS PRESENT. THE CELL EVENTUALLY BURSTS. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU PUT A RBC IN A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION. |
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Definition
| THE CELL SHRINKS RELATED TO OSMOSIS BECAUSE WAS THAT IS IN THE CELL IS MOVED TO THE EXTRACELULAR FLUID TO TRY TO EQUAL THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. THE CELL EVENTUALLY CRYSTALYZES FROM THE CENATION OF THE HEMOGLOBIN AND FROMS CLOTS. |
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Term
| DESCRIVE THE WATER REGULATION THROUGH THR HYPOTHALAMUS. |
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Definition
| WATER IS REGULATED THROUGH THE HYPOTHALMUS. WHEN YOU BECOME DEHYDRATED THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY INCREASES. YOU BECOME HYPEROSMOTIC. THE CELLS IN THE HYP0THALMUS BEGIN TO SHRINK WHICH SIGNALS ADH. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE CELLULAR A&P INRELATION TO THE NUCLEUS, NUCLEAR PORES, CHROMOSOMES, DNA, RER, AND RIBOSOMES. |
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Definition
| IN THE NUCLEUS WE HAVE THE CHROMOSOMES. THE CHROMOSOMES ARE COMPRISED OF THE DNA. IF WE LOOK AT THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE (ENVELOPE) WE HAVE NUCLEAR PORES. NUCLEAR PORES ARE IMPORTANT BECAUSE WHEN WE PRODUCE mRNA FROM DNA (WHICH OCCURS IN THE NUCLEUS) IT ALLOWS THE mRNA TO EXIT THE NUCLEUS. DNA TO mRNA OCCURS WITHIN THE NUCLEUS WHICH IS CALLED TRANSCRIPTION. AS SOON AS THE mRNA IS LEAVING THE NUCLEUS THROUGH THE NUCLEAR PORES THE RER IS WAITING FOR IT. THE RER IS MADE UP OF RIBOSOMES. RIBOSOMES ARE USED FOR THE MAKING OF PROTEINS. IN CONCLUSION, THE NUCLEUS HAS NUCLEAR PORES THAT RELEASES mRNA. |
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Term
| WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION? WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN AT. |
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Definition
| HOW mRNA is made. mRNA IS BASICALLY A COPY OF THE SEQUENCE THAT IS IN THE DNA. TRANSCRIPTION HAPPENS IN THE NUCLEUS. |
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Term
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Definition
| BEFORE mRNA EXITS THE NUCLEAR PORE WE HAVE ONE LAST STEP WHICH IS CALLED snRNP. WHAT THIS DOES IS THAT IT CUTS OUT PORTIONS OF THE mRNA THAT IS NOT NEEDED. IT REMOVES INTRONS AND PUTS THE EXONS TOGETHER. SO WHAT COMES OUT OF THE NUCLEAR PORE IS NOTHING MORE THAN THE SEQUENCE OF EXONS. THE EXONS ARE THE SEQUENCE THAT WILL BE USED TO MAKE THE PROTEIN. THE INTRONS THAT GET CUT OUT GO RIGHT BACK INTO THE RNA NUCLEOTIDE POOL. SO YOU ARE LEFT WITH A LONG CHAIN OF mRNA THAT IS COMING THROUGH THE NUCLEAR PORE. |
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Term
| WHAT IS TRANSLATION? WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN AT? |
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Definition
| TAKES THE mRNA AND MAKES A PROTEIN. THIS HAPPENS IN THE RIBOSOMES FROM THE RER. |
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Term
| WHAT CODON IS THE START CODON FOR TRANSLATION? |
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Definition
| AUG WHICH IS METHIONINE. THE AMINO ACIDS ARE DETERMINED BY THE 3 ANTICODON SEQUENCE. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE IS A MUTATION WITH THE PROTEIN? |
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Definition
| IT HAS THE WRONG SEQUENCE AND IT FORMS A WRONG SHAPE. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE SEQUENCE OF THE AMINO ACIDS DETERMINES BY? |
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Definition
| THE CODON SEQUENCE OF THE mRNA. THE DNA SEQUENCE DETERMINES THE CODON SEQUENCE OF THE mRNA. |
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Term
| WHERE CAN THE RIBOSOMES BE LOCATED? |
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Definition
| THEY CAN BE BOUND TO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (WHERE mRNA GOES TO ONCE IT LEAVES THE NUCLEAR PORES) OR THEY CAN BE FREE FLOATING. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE GOLGI APPARATUS DO? |
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Definition
| IT PROCESSES AND PACKAGES OUT THE PROTEINS. IT PUTS THE PROTEINS IN VESICLES THAT ARE EXCRETED FROM THE GOLGI COMPLEX. |
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Term
| WHAT 2 TYPES OF VESICLES ARE SECRETED FROM THE GOLGI APPARATUS? |
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Definition
| SECRETORY WHICH GOES INTO CIRCULATION AND MEMBRANE VESICLES THAT GO TO THE MEMBRANE AND ARE USED AS RECEPTORS, CHANNELS, ETC... INSULIN IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SECRETORY VESICLE. |
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