Term
| True of false. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to a person with COPD? |
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Definition
| Their airflow is limited due to inflammation in the lung in response to noxious particles or gases. |
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Term
| What are symptoms of COPD? |
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Definition
| cough, sputum production, and dyspnea (shortness of breath) |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of the lung marked by abnormal enlargement of the alveoli with loss of pulmonary elasticity that is characterized especially by shortness of breath and may lead to impairment of heart action |
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Term
| What are common symptoms of asthma? (5) |
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Definition
| coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and faster or noisy breathing. |
|
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Term
| What is associated with the emergence of asthma? |
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Definition
| Allergies, respiratory infections, and environmental exposures to tobacco smoke, air pollution, and possibly dietary factors. |
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Term
| What parts of the body does restrictive lung disease affect? (5) |
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Definition
1) Thorax
2) Respiratory muscles
3) nerves
4) pleura
5) parenchyma |
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Term
| What are symptoms of restrictive lung disease? |
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Definition
| effort intolerance and dyspnea |
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Term
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Definition
| a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body. |
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Term
| Aside from the heart, what do cardiovascular diseases affect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of artherothrombotic diseases? (5) |
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Definition
1. Coronary Heart Disease
2. Acute Coronary Syndromes
3. Hypertension
4. Peripheral Arterial Disease
5. Ischemic Stroke |
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Term
| What causes the risk of cardiovascular diseases to increase? |
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Definition
| Aging, Lifestyle, Environmental, and Genetic factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| areteriosclerosis is a loss of elasticity of the arteries, which is characterized by a thickening of the artery walls. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A process where fatty material is deposited along the walls of the arteries. This could cause the arteries to be blocked. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel or heart chamber and remains there. |
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Term
|
Definition
| widening of the lumen of blood vessels |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sharp and often persistent contraction of a blood vessel reducing its lumen and blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)? |
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Definition
| It is an umbrella term describing a group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia, including unstable angina pectoris and mycardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. |
|
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Term
| When does myocardial ischemia occur? |
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Definition
| when a coronary artery is partially or completely obstructed because of artherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis or coronary artery spasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a transient pain or discomfort in the chest caused by myocardial ischemia. |
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Term
| Where is angina pectoris most commonly located? |
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Definition
| chest, neck, cheeks or jaw, shoulders, upper back, or arms. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| exercise or stress, excitement, cold or hot weather; food intake. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| localized death of living tissue. |
|
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Term
| What are the possible complications of myocardial infarction? |
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Definition
1) Extention of the zone of ischemia to surrounding tissue, thus widening the necrosis.
2) Ventricular Aneurysm
3) Ventricular Rupture
4) Papillary necrosis and rupture.
5) Left ventricular dysfunction. |
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Term
| About how many of all deaths from CHD are sudden and unexpected? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Chronic Heart Failure? (congestive heart failure) |
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Definition
| A heart disease where there is an impairment in the ability of the ventricle to eject or to fill with blood. |
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Term
| True or false. When experiencing CHF some patients have either predominantly systolic or diastolic dysfunction whereas others have both conditions concurrently. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How is systolic dysfunction during CHF diagnosed? |
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Definition
| diagnosed by below-normal left ventricular ejection fraction. |
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|
Term
| What is the most common cause of systolic dysfunction when one experiences CHF? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are other causes of systolic dysfunction when one experiences CHF? |
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Definition
| Hypertension or valvular heart disease. |
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|
Term
| What are signs and symptoms of diastolic dysfunction when one experiences CHF? |
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Definition
| Dyspnea, fatigue, exercise intolerance, fluid retention. |
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Term
| What are the three main stages of progression of CHF? |
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Definition
1) Ventricular dysfunction without definite symptoms.
2) Minimally symptomatic stage.
3) Congestive symptoms of fluid overload. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Patients at high risk for developing CHF, but who have no structural disorder of the heart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Patients with structural heart disease but no symptoms of CHF. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Patients with past or current symptoms of CHF with underlying structural heart disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Patients with end-stage disease requiring specialized treatment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A heart disease characterized by a weakening of the myocardium that usually results in inadequate pumping function of the heart. |
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Term
| How is cardiomyopathy caused? |
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Definition
| viral infections, MI, alcoholism, long-term, severe high blood pressure, or unknown causes. |
|
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Term
| What is dilated cardiomyopathy? |
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Definition
| enlargement of the heart muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What is restrictive cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
| A group of disorders where there is abnormal filling of the heart chambers because of stiffness of the heart and the inability to relax normally during diastole. |
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Term
| What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
| the thickening of the muscles that make up the heart. |
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Term
| Define Valvular heart disease. |
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Definition
| Disorders involving the valves of the heart (aortic, pulmonary, mitrial, tricuspid) |
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Term
| What causes valvular heart disease? |
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Definition
| degenerative heart disease, endocarditis, CHD, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue diseases, and iatrogenic causes. |
|
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Term
| What is valvular stenosis? |
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Definition
| A condition characterized by the inability of a heart valve to open completely. |
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Term
| What is valvular regurgitation? |
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Definition
| the opposite of valvular stenosis. A heart halve is unable to close completely. |
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Term
| What is Peripheral Arterial Disease? (PAD) |
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Definition
| Arteriosclerosis of the peripheral blood vessels. (legs and feet). |
|
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Term
| What are symptoms of PAD? |
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Definition
| pain in the thighs, calves, or feet on exertion or at rest, numbness, and cold legs or feet. |
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Term
| Severity of PAD can be classified using the Fontane classification. What is it? (6 levels) |
|
Definition
1. Asymptomatic.
2. Intermittent claudication
3. Distance to pain onset >200m
4. Distance to pain onset <200m
5. Pain at rest.
6. Gangrene, tissue loss. |
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Term
| What are the two types of stroke? |
|
Definition
Ischemic - decreased blood flow to a portion of the brain resulting in cell death.
Intracranial Hemorrhagic Stroke - sudden rupture of an artery in the brain. |
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Term
| What are symptoms of stroke? |
|
Definition
1) sudden weakness of the face, arm, or leg usually on one side of the body.
2) may also include numbness in same areas, sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding, sudden trouble seeing or walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, or sudden headache with no cause. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? |
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Definition
| A sign is an objective symptom. (i.e. swelling of the ankles, edema) A symptom is subjective. (i.e. chest pain) |
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Term
| What are major signs and symptoms of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic diseases? (4) |
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Definition
1) Pain, discomfort in the chest, neck, jaw, arms, or other areas.
2) Shortness of breat at rest or with mild exertion.
3) Dizziness or syncope.
4) Orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. |
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Term
| What are primary nonmodifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease? (3) |
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Definition
| 1) Advancing Age 2) Gender 3) Family history. |
|
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Term
| About __% of MIs occur in persons over age 65, __% in those age 45 to 65, and _% in those under age 45. |
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Definition
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Term
| What fraction of adult men and women have some form of CVD |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifetime risk of developing CVD for men and women? |
|
Definition
| 49% for men 32% for women. |
|
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Term
| How much more likely are smokers to get CAD than non-smokers? |
|
Definition
| two and a half times more likely. |
|
|
Term
| The risk of heart disease decreases __% within one year of smoking cessation and approaches that of a lifetime nonsmoker within __ years. |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false. As blood pressure increases, so does the risk of cardiovascular disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Persons with diabetes mellitus are ___ to _____ times more likely to develop CVD than persons of similar age, gender, and ethnicity without DM. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What fraction of all cases of DM are undiagnosed and untreated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome include the presence of at least three of five factors. What are the five factors? |
|
Definition
1) Elevated waist circumference.
2) Elevated TGs
3) Reduced HDL cholesterol
4) Elevated blood pressure
5) Elevated fasting glucose. |
|
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Term
| Define Electrocardiography |
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Definition
| A test that records cardiac electrical currents by placing electrodes on the surface of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to assess heart wall motion abnormalities, structural abnormalities, valvular function, systolic and diastolic function, ejection fraction, and cardiac output by use of ultrasound waves. |
|
|
Term
| define coronary angiography |
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Definition
| just look it up in the book. p. 75 |
|
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Term
| Define coronary calcium assessment. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat coronary artery disease? (4) |
|
Definition
1) Risk factor modification.
2) Drug Therapy
3) Nitrates
4) Other agents. |
|
|
Term
| What types of drug therapy are used to treat coronary artery disease? (2) |
|
Definition
1. Platelet inhibitors (i.e. aspirin)
2. Anti-ischemic Agents (i.e. Beta blockers, calcium channel antagonists) |
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Term
| What is percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty? (PCTA) |
|
Definition
| A procedure where a catheter with a deflated ballon is inserted into the narrowed portion of the coronary artery. Then the balloon gets inflated and the plaque is flattened in the artery resulting in an increased inner diameter of the artery. It is then deflated and removed. |
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|
Term
| What is PCTA with a coronary artery stent? |
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Definition
| The stent is a mesh tube that acts as a scaffold to hold the arteries open. It is left inside the artery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is similar to PTCA instead that it uses a high-speed rotating shaver to grind the plaque. Then a tool is used to cut and vacuum away the plaque. |
|
|
Term
| What is a laser angioplasty? |
|
Definition
| Similar as PCTA. End of catheter emits pulses of photons that vaporize the plaque. |
|
|
Term
| What is coronary artery bypass graft surgery? (CABGS) |
|
Definition
| a large vein is removed and attached ot the base of the aorta and at other points. This is for those who have failed to respond to PCTAs |
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|
Term
| What is the purpose for risk stratification? |
|
Definition
1) Guidance on the need for a medical examination before participation in moderated to vigorous exercise programs.
2) Guidance for monitoring and supervision during exercise testing.
3) Assistance in making recommendations for physical activity.
4) Assistance in making therapeutic recommendations for CVD treatment. |
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Term
| What are the effects of exercise on pulmonary disease? (2) |
|
Definition
1) can improve muscoloskeletal and psychosocial factors that typically limit exercise in persons with pulmonary disease.
2. Exercise can reduce the risk of CAD. |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of exercise for people with CAD? |
|
Definition
| Simple things. Read in book. |
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|
Term
| Which is more important? Volume or intensity of physical activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased ______ _________ from skeletal muscle improves the relationship between oxygen supply and oxygen demand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is more beneficial for people with osteoporosis? Resistance training, or aerobic training? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Do different types (i.e. obese, elderly, etc.) of people acclimate to high temperature differently or is it all the same? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cold exposure results in _______________ with resulting blood pressure elevation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should you use the wind chill equivalent or the actual temperature when gauging the risk of hypothermia and frostbite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much does maximal oxygen consumption decrease per 1000m of altitude above 1500m. |
|
Definition
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