Term
| Which part of the ear feels pressure fluctuations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Middle Ear's job? |
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Definition
| Transforms pressure fluctuations of the outer ear in to vibrations of the small bones (the ossicles) in the middle ear |
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Term
| The vibrations from the middle ear are sent to? |
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Definition
| the cochlea located in the inner ear |
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Term
| What happens in the inner ear? |
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Definition
| vibrations are further transformed by stereocilia (hair cells) into neural impulses distributed by frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| matches ear canal to outside world. OUTER EAR |
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Term
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Definition
| (the passageway) conducts sound into head. OUTER EAR |
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Term
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Definition
| (the drum) transforms pressure fluctuations into displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| The little bones in the middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| (the hammer) moved by Tympanium. Bone of middle ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| (the anvil) supported by ligaments that protect against loud percussion. Bone of middle ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| (the stirrup) force multiplied by 1.3 because of lever action. Bone of middle ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| (the Snail) converts displacement into neural impulses. Inner ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| neural impulses to brain. Inner ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| detect motion and orientation |
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Term
| The location where in the Cochlea the stereocilia are stimulated is the? |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of HC that are stimulated by the sound determines the ? |
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Definition
| Intensity, or perceived loudness |
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Term
| Which part of the ear protects you from loud noises? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vibration sense organisms |
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Term
| Formula for Sound Intensity Level |
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Definition
| SIL = 10 Log ( I / Ithreshold ) |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnitude of the sensation produced by a sound; the “amount” of sound. |
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Term
| The Human ear is what kind of sensor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Intensity is perceived as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Frequency is perceived as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vibration Recipe is perceived as? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Fletcher-Munson Diagram is |
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Definition
| a plot of the SIL (in dB) versus frequency for the SIL required to produce an equal sensation as that produced at 1000 Hz. |
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Term
| In a Fletcher-Munson, the contours are of? The unit is? |
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Definition
of equal loudness level
phon |
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Term
One of the settings of a Sound Level Meter
(filter switch “A”) modifies the calibration of the
instrument to account for the frequency
dependence of human hearing. |
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Definition
| Sound Level is then reported as dBA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In cube roots, so an 8 person choir is twice (2x) as loud as a soloist. Because ∛8 = 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| is equal to the SIL at 1000 Hz that produces the same magnitude of sensation. |
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Term
| Loudness level measured in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Loudness increases approximately with the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the threshold of intensity? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Intensity of a sound wave is: |
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Definition
| the energy radiated per unit time per unit area. [W/m2] |
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Term
| The objective relative intensity level of sound is quantified as the |
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Definition
| Sound Intensity Level (SIL) and the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) |
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Term
| Sound Intensity Level (SIL) and the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) are measured in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sound Intensity Level equation and Ithreshold level |
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Definition
SIL = 10 Log( I / Ithreshold ),
with Ithreshold = 1 pW/m2 |
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Term
| Sound Pressure level equation and pthreshold |
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Definition
SPL = 20 Log (p/pthreshold )
With pthreshold = 20 μPa |
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Term
| Humans are most sensitive in the frequency range: |
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Definition
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Term
| The lowest detectable intensity (the threshold of hearing Ithreshold ) is about: |
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Definition
| 1 pW/m 2 or 1x10 -12 W/m 2 |
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Term
| The intensity at which one experiences pain (the threshold of pain) is about |
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Definition
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Term
| The Sound Intensity Level is 10 times the logarithm of the ratio of the intensity of a sound and the threshold of hearing. |
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Definition
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Term
| 0 dB corresponds to an intensity of? |
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Definition
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Term
| The threshold of pain is? |
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Definition
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Term
| 20An equal ratio of frequencies sounds like an: |
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Definition
| Interval or equal distance |
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Term
| 20An octave is the pitch interval corresponding to a frequency ratio of: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many cents are in an octave? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sensation of pitch is a property of human auditory perception that infers pitch from the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Harmonics (including the fundamental) may be missing but we: |
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Definition
| hear the difference frequency as well as the harmonics |
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Term
The Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
or difference limen is the |
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Definition
difference in pitch
(or loudness) that will elicit 75% correct
responses in a Two-Alternative Forced-Choice
test (2AFC) test. |
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Term
For sustained high pitched tones (>3 kHz):
the pitch perception: |
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Definition
| rises slightly (goes sharp ♯) with loudness |
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Term
For sustained low frequencies (<500 Hz):
the pitch perception: |
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Definition
| drops ( goes flat ♭) with loudness. |
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Term
For pulsed tones:
the pitch perception: |
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Definition
| drops slightly ( goes flat ♭) with increasing loudness for all frequencies |
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Term
| Tones are indistinguishable if they are closer than a: |
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Definition
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Term
| Pitch interval is proportional to the logarithm of: |
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Definition
| the ratio of the frequencies |
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Term
| The intensity of sound decreases with the: |
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Definition
square of the inverse of the distance from the source in an open area
I / I0 = (r0 /r) 2 |
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Term
| The Sound Intensity Level (SIL) diminishes with distance thus: |
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Definition
| SIL= SIL0 – 20 Log (r / r0 ) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Wave motion is characterized by: (6 characteristics) |
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Definition
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Doppler Shift
Beats
Interference |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| every point on the wave is the source of a new (spherical) “wavelet.” |
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Term
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Definition
| f observed ≈ f source ‧ [1 + vobserver /v ][1+ vsource |
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Term
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Definition
| is the return of a wave from a change in a medium. |
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Term
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Definition
| is bending of the wave due to velocity variation along the wavefront. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the bending of the wave around obstacles because of Huygen’s Principle |
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Term
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Definition
| is the change in frequency due to the relative motion. |
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Term
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Definition
| intensity modulations in time due to coherent addition of waves of near equal frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| spatial modulation of intensity due to the coherent addition of nearly equal frequency waves at different points in space |
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Term
20If two tones have frequencies separated by
less than a critical band width they add
coherently and the amplitudes of waves are
added. Then the intensity will be |
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Definition
proportional
to the square of the the combined amplitudes.
Icoherent = (a1 + a2 ) 2 = a1 2 + a2 2 + 2 a1a2 |
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Term
Incoherent addition of waves is equal to
the sum of their independent intensities
if they are |
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Definition
not within the critical bandwidth
Iincoherent = a12 + a2 2 |
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Term
| Standards for "Good" Acoustics (7) |
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Definition
Clarity
Uniformity
Envelopment
Smoothness
Reverberation
Performer Satisfaction
Freedom from noise |
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Term
| Haas or Precedence Effect |
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Definition
| The earliest sound that arrives determines the sense of the origin of a sound, even if the later (<100 ms) reflections are louder. |
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Term
| The sound reflects many times, each time: |
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Definition
| losing energy to the reflecting surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| absorptivity of the surface |
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Term
| The intensity of the sound that is lost in a reflection is |
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Definition
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Term
| The intensity of the reflected wave is |
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Definition
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Term
| The reverberation time is the time |
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Definition
| for the intensity to decay by a factor of 10 –6 (- 60dB) of its initial value |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sabine equation (in terms of reverberation time) |
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Definition
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Term
| Direct sound should come: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the volume of the room. |
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Term
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Definition
| “effective surface area” of the walls S1 , floor S2 and ceiling S3 (in sabin) etc |
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Term
| Se = α1 S1 + α2 S2 + α3 S3 + α4 S4 +… |
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Definition
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Term
| “Western Music” is based (approximately) on the |
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Definition
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Term
| With Just Temperament it is |
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Definition
| impossible to tune all notes or tones of the chromatic scale so that they are all in tune, that is, the correct ratio for all keys. |
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Term
| 20Equal Temperament intonation is a compromise in which the semitones |
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Definition
| are precisely 100 ¢ or a ratio of 1.05946… of its neighbor. |
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Term
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Definition
| integer ratios of adjacent notes in the chromatic scale |
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Term
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Definition
| a constant ratio of adjacent notes in the chromatic scale |
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Term
| fundamental frequency equation |
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Definition
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Term
| Standing waves on the string are responsible for |
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Definition
| the harmonic series of stringed instruments |
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Term
| A musical instrument comprises four important components |
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Definition
a mechanical energy source
a frequency generator
a frequency filter
an antenna |
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Term
| Frequency of nth harmonic: |
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Definition
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Term
| The modes that will be present are those that are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The coupling of the string to the sound board will |
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Definition
| accentuate or attenuate various frequencies |
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Term
| The timbre of a musical instrument (also known as musical recipe) is determined by the |
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Definition
| excitation, frequency generation, filtering and broadcast of the harmonics |
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Term
| The node-antinode distance is |
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Definition
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Term
| Marsenne Equation (frequency of nth harmonic). Used for string instruments |
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Definition
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Term
| The timbre of bowed strings is affected |
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Definition
(1) by the properties of strings,
(2) by the effects in bowing and
(3) by the frequency resonances of the instrument. |
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Term
| The Stick-Slip Mechanism causes the string to |
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Definition
| vibrate when rubbed by the bow |
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Term
| The coupling of the string to the sound board will |
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Definition
| accentuate or attenuate various frequencies |
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Term
| The Difference limen for pitch is about |
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Definition
| 1/30 the critical band width |
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Term
| Pitch Interval corresponding to f2 and f1 : |
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Definition
| ₧ = 3986 ¢ ‧ Log (f2 /f1 ) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
TR = 0.16 V/Se
Se = α1 S1 + α2 S2 + α3 S3 + α4 S4 +… |
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Term
| Velocity of a wave on a string |
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Definition
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