Term
|
Definition
Transportation
Regulation
Protection |
|
|
Term
| What substances does the blood transport? |
|
Definition
Oxygen and nutrients
Metabolic waste
Hormones
Molecules to be modified |
|
|
Term
| What does the blood regulate? |
|
Definition
pH
body temperature
fluid volume |
|
|
Term
| How does blood help protect the body? |
|
Definition
-Prevents blood loss through clot formation with platelets and plasma proteins
-Prevents infection with antibodies, WBCs, and complement proteins |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of blood is made of plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of blood is formed elements? |
|
Definition
| They make up 45% of blood |
|
|
Term
| Physical characteristics of blood |
|
Definition
-Denser/more viscous than water
-38 degrees C (100.4 degrees F)
-7.35-7.45 pH / slightly alkaline
-makes 8% of body weight
-average blood volume 5L (4-5L females, 5-6L males)
-blood volume and pressure are constant
-EPO hormone regulates pressure and vol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
liquid containing suspended particles that do not settle out of solution
-ex. plasma |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of formed elements are red blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White blood cells and platelets
-make up <1% of blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complete Blood Count
Includes:
-RBC, WBC, and platelet counts
-Differential WBC count
-Hematocrit
-hemoglobin in g/mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Percentage of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Differential white blood cell count |
|
Definition
Count of various white cells and portions
-detects inflammation, blood disorders, and poison effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Red blood cell count >65% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-infants 14-20g/100mL
-adult female 12-16g/100mL
-adult male 13.5-18g/100mL |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of blood plasma |
|
Definition
-straw-colored, sticky
-91.5% water, over 100 dissolved solutes
-plasma protein = 7% by weight of plasma volume
-dissolved substances = 2% plasma volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-made by liver
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plasma protein
-makes up 55-60% of all plasma proteins
-carrier of fatty acids, bilirubin, and thyroid hormones
-blood buffer
-contributes to blood colloid osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plasma protein
-makes up 38% of plasma proteins
-some are antibodies
-some are transport molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plasma protein
-makes up 4-7% of plasma proteins
-functions in clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood plasma minus the clotting proteins
-straw colored liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood cell production in red bone marrow
(formed elements)
-negative feedback system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stem cell from which all formed elements are derived |
|
|
Term
| Two precursor cells derived from hemocytoblasts |
|
Definition
-Myeloid stem cells
-Lymphoid stem cells |
|
|
Term
| Myeloid stem cells can form what cell types |
|
Definition
RBCs
platelets
granulocytes
monocytes |
|
|
Term
| Lyphoid stem cells can form what type of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemopoietic growth factors |
|
Definition
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Thrombopoietin (TBO)
Cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hemopoietic growth factor
- hormone produced in kidneys
- stimulates production of red blood cell precursors
- tested in anemic patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hemopoietic growth factor
- hormone produced by liver
- stimulates formation of platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hemopoietic growth factor
- small glycoproteins produced by red bone marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 million RBC/mm3
-females 4.8 million RBC/mm3
-males 5.4 million RBC/mm3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack a nucleus and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pigment of RBC bind to oxygen and give red color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein of hemoglobin, has a quaternary structure
-4 polypeptide chains
-2 alpha, 2 beta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-globin protein
-heme pigment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pigment of hemoglobin
-contains iron molecule
-one heme for each 4 globin proteins
-iron molecule in heme binds with oxygen |
|
|
Term
| How many oxygen molecules can a hemoglobin molecule transport? |
|
Definition
-transports 4 Oxygen from lungs to tissues
-transports CO2 back to the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin that has been oxygenated and is bright red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin that contains no oxygen and is darker red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin that is transporting CO2 attached to globin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many RBCs are destroyed every second? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many RBCs are in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Were does phagocytosis of RBCs take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-globin and heme are split apart
-globin broken down to amino acids and used to make new proteins
-iron combines with plasma protein to form transferrin, then attaches to iron storage proteins ferritin and hemosiderin
-Fe reattaches to transferrin, travels to red bone marrow to make more RBCs
-non-Fe portion of heme becomes biliverdin(green pigment), then bilirubin(yellow-orange pigment)
-bilirubin secreted into bile
-some bilirubin becomes urobilin (yellow pigment in urine)
-most bilirubin eliminated in feces as stercobilin(brown pigment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursor cell to RBC found in red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
precursor to RBCs
-gives rise to cells that synthesize hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
precursor to RBC
-nucleus has been ejected from cell
-34% hemoglobin
-.5-1.5% of all RBCs in a RBC count
-become erythrocytes in 1-2 days |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus of RBC production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-made in the kidneys
-stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBCs |
|
|
Term
| Negative feedback of RBC production |
|
Definition
-cellular oxygen depletion stimulates RBC production
-stimulates kidneys to lease erythropotietin
-with rising levels of RBCs, less EPO is released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RBCs are drawn off and reinjected a few days before athletic event to increase RBC count
- or artificial EPO is injected |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins are necessary for DNA synthesis |
|
Definition
| Vitamin B12 and folic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by low absorption of vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the body's iron supply is found in hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| 65% of body's iron supply |
|
|
Term
| How is iron lost from the body? |
|
Definition
| feces, urine, perspiration, menstruation |
|
|
Term
| White blood cell characteristics |
|
Definition
-nucleated
-no hemoglobin
-larger than RBCs
-less numerous than RBCs
-granulocyte or agranulocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-basophil |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of a neutrophil |
|
Definition
-polymorphonuclear leukocyte
-pH neutral
-nuclei 2-5 lobes
-pink with Wright's stain
-few granules
-60-70% of all WBC |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of an eosinophil |
|
Definition
-bilobed nucleus
-orange/red with Wright's stain
-fights allergic reactions and parasitic worms
-2-4%of all WBC
-moderately granular |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of a basophil |
|
Definition
-irregular S-shaped nucleus
-dark purple with Wright's stain
-release histamine and heparin; local inflammatory response
-.5% of all WBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocyte characteristics |
|
Definition
-dark, round nucleus
-pale blue/gray with Wright's stain
-2 types:
- B-cells and T-cells
-20-25% of all WBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-largest WBC in size*
-kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus
-pale blue/gray with Wright's stain
-macrophages
-3-8% of all WBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increase in number of WBC
- protective response to stress
- response to microbe invasion, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-abnormal low WBC count
-due to radiation, shock, chemotherapy agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2% circulating in blood stream
-most in lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, skin, connective tissues
-active outside blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-WBCs leaving the bloodstream
-move by ameboid movement |
|
|
Term
| High count of neutrophils |
|
Definition
| -due to bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation |
|
|
Term
| High count of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| -viral infection, some leukemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -viral or fungal infection, TB, some leukemia |
|
|
Term
| High count of eosinophils |
|
Definition
| -allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -allergic reactions, leukemia, cancers, hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-intravenous transfer of red bone marrow
-goal to establish normal hemopoiesis
-replace diseased bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-play a role in clotting
-cell fragments, no nucleus
-150,000-400,000/mm3 count
-5-9 day lifespan
-derive from Megakaryocytes
- splinter into 2-3,000 fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vascular spasm
-platelet plug formation
-blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pain receptor stimulation
-reflex contraction of smooth muscle
-reduces blood loss |
|
|
Term
| Platelet plug formation chemicals |
|
Definition
-alpha granules
-dense granules
-enzymes (form thromboxane A2), fibrin stabilizing factor, lysosomes, and mitochondria
-platelet derived growth factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in platelet plug formation
-contain clotting factors and (PDGF)
-cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in platelet plug formation
-contain ADP, ATP, Ca2+, and serotonin |
|
|
Term
| Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) |
|
Definition
| hormone within platelet causing proliferation of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Steps of platelet plug formation |
|
Definition
-platelet adhesion
-platelet release reaction
-platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| platelets contact and stick to damage blood vessel with collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
| Platelet release reaction |
|
Definition
platelets become activated
-extend projections to allow contact with one another
-release their chemicals
-serotonin and thromboxane A2 function as vasoconstrictors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ADP causes other platelets to become sticky
-they adhere to original activated platelets
-accumulation and attachment of many platelets form a platelet plug
-platelet plug reinforced with fibrin during coagulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clotting; series of chemical reactions involving clotting factors that ultimately forming fibrin threads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| straw-colored liquid without clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin that trap formed elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clotting in an unbroken vessel |
|
|
Term
| Clotting factor characteristics |
|
Definition
-they require Ca2+ ***
-they inactivate enzymes formed in the liver so they don't clot unnecessarily
-molecules associated with platelets
-identified by Roman numerals |
|
|
Term
| Clotting factor sequence of steps |
|
Definition
-formation of prothrombinase (by extrinsic or intrinsic pathways)
-prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
-thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic pathway formation of prothrombinase |
|
Definition
-fewer steps and occurs more rapidly than intrinsic pathway
-tissue factor (TF)(thromboplastin)leaks into blood vessel from outside cells
-In the presence of Ca2+***, TF activates clotting factor X
-Clotting factor X combines with factor V to form prothrombinase |
|
|
Term
| Tissue factor (TF) thromboplastin |
|
Definition
| a mixture of lipoprotein and phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic pathway formation of prothrombinase |
|
Definition
-more complex, occurs over minutes
-activators are within blood or through indirect contact
-endothelial cells become rough and damaged exposing collagen fibers
-platelets contact collagen fibers activating clotting factor XII; activates reactions to activate X
-activated X combines with V to form prothrombinase; in presence of Ca2+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-prothrombinase and Ca2+ catalyze the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
-thrombin in presence of Ca2+ converts fibrinogen to fibrin threads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 positive feedbacks of thrombin |
|
Definition
-acceleration of prothrombinase formation; in turn accelerates thrombin production
-second thrombin activates platelets, reinforcing aggregation and release of platelet phospholipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clot that is attached and not moving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps of clot retraction and blood vessel repair |
|
Definition
-consolidation or tightening of fibrin clot
-fibrin contracts and pulls damaged ends of vessel together
-depends on adequate number of platelets
-fibroblasts form connective tissue, new endothelial cells repair vessel lining |
|
|
Term
| Role of vitamin K in clotting |
|
Definition
-required for synthesis of 4 clotting factors by hepatocytes (II, VII, IX, X)
-present in colon bacteria
-fat soluble and absorbed through intestinal lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
system of hemostatic control
-dissolves small inappropriate clots
-dissolves clots at site of damage once damage is repaired
-fibrinolysis: dissolution of a clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mechanism of hemostatic control
-inactive plasma enzyme incorporated into a clot at the time of formation
-activated to plasmin (fibrinolysin)by factor XII, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and thrombin
-plasmin dissolves the clot by digesting fibrin and inactivating fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VIII, and XII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stays localized in spite of positive feedback mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Prostacyclin (prostaglandin) |
|
Definition
-produced by endothelial cells and WBC
-opposes the actions of thromboxane A2
-powerful inhibitor of platelet adhesion and release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils
-combines with antithrombin III to increase effectiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lodging of embolus in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lodging of embolus in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antagonist to vitamin K formation
-comes from rat poison |
|
|
Term
| Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) |
|
Definition
| genetically engineered product used to treat MI, and CVA caused by clots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigen associated with blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Universal donor blood type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigen originally identified in Rheus monkey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serum containing anti-Rh agglutinins
-aggultinates the Rh factor and blocks the mother's immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of baby's blood cells by antibodies from the mother as result of mother being Rh negative and baby being Rh positive |
|
|
Term
| Universal recipient blood type |
|
Definition
|
|
