Term
| What happens to pH when H+ content increases? |
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Definition
| increase acid and pH decreases |
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Term
| What offsets pH changes and what organs regulate blood pH? |
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Definition
| pH buffers and the lungs and kidneys |
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Term
| What are the three types of buffering systems? |
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Definition
| protein buffer system, phosphate buffer system, and carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffer system |
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Term
| How do buffers neutralize the acidic or basic nature of the blood? |
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Definition
| bases are relased for acidc blood, and acids are released for basic blood. |
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Term
| Where do the buffers exist? |
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Definition
| both intracellular and extracelluar compartments. |
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Term
| What kinds of proteins buffer the blood? |
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Definition
| plasma proteins (albumin) and hemoglobin |
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Term
| How do the protein buffers keep the blood in the desired pH range? |
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Definition
| they bind H+ when pH is too acidic (increase in H+ concentration) and release H+ when pH is too basic (decrease in H+ concentration |
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Term
| Which buffer system has a minor role in blood, but plays a bigger role intracellularly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical formula for phosphate buffer system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What causes the reaction to shift to the left? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where does the excess H+ go/what happens to it? |
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Definition
| excess H+ combines with H2PO4 to become H3PO4 |
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Term
| what does a decrease in [H+] cause? |
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Definition
| the chemical reaction to shift to the right. H+ is produced from the dissociation of H3PO4 |
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Term
| Which buffering system is the strongest? |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffering system |
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Term
| What is the chemical formula for the carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffing system? |
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Definition
| CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> H+ + HCO3 |
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Term
| an increae in pH would cause the formula to shift in which direction? |
|
Definition
| causes reation to shift to the left |
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|
Term
| the excess H+ in the carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffering system does what? |
|
Definition
| combines with HCO3 to become H2CO3 which quickly dissociates into CO2 + H2O |
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Term
| A decrease in H+ causes what to happen in the carbon dioxide/ bicarbonate butter system? |
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Definition
| the equation to shift to the right and CO2 is hydrated to become H2CO3 which dissociates into H+ and H2CO3 |
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Term
| With a decrease in pH how do the lungs regulate pH? |
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Definition
| increase in ventilation to rid the body of CO2 |
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Term
| With an increase in pH how do the lungs regulate the pH |
|
Definition
| decrease ventilation to retain CO2 in the body |
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Term
| a decrease in pH is regulated by the kidneys by |
|
Definition
| increase secretion of H+ and increase in reabsorption of HCO3 |
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Term
| an increae in pH is fixed by the kidneys by |
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Definition
| decreased secretion of H+ and decreaed reabsorption of HCO3 |
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Term
| What is the ideal blood pH and what is the range of normal blood pH? |
|
Definition
| 7.40 with a range of 7.35 - 7.45 (blood slightly alkaline) |
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Term
| what is the normal value and range for blood HCO3? |
|
Definition
| 24mEq/l with a range of 22-26mEq/l |
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Term
| what is the normal value and range for blood Pco2? |
|
Definition
| 40mm Hg with a range of 35-45mm Hg |
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Term
|
Definition
| solubility coeficient of CO2 in blood (0.03 mEq/l/mm Hg |
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Term
| what is the henderson-hasselbach equation? |
|
Definition
| pH = pK + log [HCO3]/(aco2) x (Pco2) |
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Term
| if the ratio of the henderson-hasselbach equation = 20... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if ration of H-H equationis less than 20... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if the ratio of the H-H equation is more than 20... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
| increased level of CO2 in arterial blood |
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Term
| what is respiratory acidosis caused by? (examples) |
|
Definition
hypoventilation or poor gas exchange at the lungs.
overdose of barbiturates- decreases respiratory rate
pulmonary diseaes (chronic bronchitis, fibrotic lung disease) |
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|
Term
| what causes respiratory alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| decreased level of CO2 in arterial blood. |
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|
Term
| what is respiratory alkalosis caused by (examples) |
|
Definition
hyperventilation
hyperthyroidism- increases respiratory rate
anxiety- increases respiratory rate
acute aspirin toxicity-stimulates respiratory centers |
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Term
| metabolic acidosis is cause by what? |
|
Definition
| decreased level of HCO3 in arterial blood |
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Term
| a decreased level of HCO3 can be caused by ... |
|
Definition
kidney disease- failure to secrete H+
diarrhea- rapid excretion of HCO3
duodenal vomitting- loss of HCO3
chronic aspirin toxicity- disrupts kreb's cycle(production of H+) |
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|
Term
| metabolic alkalosis is caused by what? |
|
Definition
| increased level of HCO3 in arterial blood |
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|
Term
| increase in HCO3 in arterial blood can be caused by... |
|
Definition
some diuretics- excess secretion of Cl which causes excess reabsorption of HCO3
gastric vomitting- loss of stomach acids-more gastric acid is produced and HCO3 is absorbed as consequence
overdose on alkaline drugs- increases pH in stomach, more gastric acid is produced and HCO3 is absorded |
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Term
| acid - base disturbances are compensated by either the __ or __ |
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Definition
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Term
| a metabolic problem is fixed by the ____ and a respiratory problem is fixed by the _____. |
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Definition
| metabolic problem by the lungs, and respiratory problem fixed by kidneys |
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Term
| how long do the lungs take to fix acid-base problems and is it a complete fix? |
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Definition
| it takes hours and no it is not completely fix. close to normal but not quite |
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Term
| how do the lungs fix metabolic acidosis problems? |
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Definition
| increase ventilation- rid blood of CO2 increase pH back to normal |
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Term
| how do lungs fix metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| decrease ventilation- retain CO2 decrease pH back to normal |
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Term
| how long to the kidneys take to fix acid-base problems? |
|
Definition
in days but the problem is completely fixed/compensated.
kidneys are much more powerful than lungs |
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|
Term
| how is respiratory acidosis fixed? |
|
Definition
increase secretion of H+
increase reabsorption of HCO3
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Term
| how is respiratory alkalosis fixed? |
|
Definition
decrease secretion of H+
decrease reabsorption of HCO3 |
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