Term
| what are the 5 routes of water loss? |
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Definition
Urine, feces, expired air, sweat, cutaneous transpiration.
Respiratory loss-cold dry air and heavy work
perspiration loss-with hot air and humid air or heavy work |
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Term
| what are the Obligatory water loss methods? |
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Definition
| Breath, cutaneous transpiration, sweat, feces, minimum urine output |
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Term
| Dehydration, what does it cause? |
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Definition
Blood volume and pressure decrease
Blood osmolarity increase |
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Term
| Thirst Mechanisms; what stimulates thirst mechanisms? what are the effects of ADH and aldosterone ? |
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Definition
Thirst center-hypothalamus
AT2-produced in response to low BP
ADH-produced in response to high blood pressure- what it does is more NA K pumps
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors-signal in response to increase ECF osmolarity
Sympathetic signals inhibit saliva |
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Term
| what are short term and long term mechanisms of thirst that produces satiety? |
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Definition
short term:(what makes you feel a little less thirsty)
30-45 min, cooling and condensing of mouth, distension of stomach and large intestine.
Long term inhibition of thirst:
Rehydration of blood Decreases osmolarity, stops osmoreceptors response to increase capillary filtration and increase saliva
Osmotic pressure and hypothalamus is what determines thirst!!!! not stomach |
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Term
| how does Aldosteron regulate NA reabsorption? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone makes you save NA and you save water. |
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Term
| What are the functions of ADH? |
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Definition
1.Changes concentration of urine.
2.ADH secretion & thrist center stimulated by hypo osmoreceptors in response to dehydration.
Adh causes your body to make more water channels that bring more water into your body. It does not affect NA it just causes you to retain water.
Aquaporins are water poring channels they are involved in stuff like edema, brain injuries, finding ways to block edema.
How does ADH work?- SLows decrease in water volume and increase osmolarity of urine. |
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Term
| what is Hypovolemia-volume depletion and dehydration? |
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Definition
Hypovolemia-lossing water and solutes due to burn, injury, diarrhea, vomiting. Osmotic pressure stays the same.
Dehydration-
Total body water decreases, osmolarity rises.
e.g. drinking only water that does not contain electrolytes during hiking. Drinking water will only put in H2O but not solutes.
Infant more at risk bc high metabolism, pee more, greater ratio of body surface to mass etc
Most serous effects-circulatory shock, neurological dysfunction, infant mortality |
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Term
Water and fluid balance
how does Perspiration negatively impact fluid balance? |
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Definition
1.profuse sweating
2.produced by capillary filtration (taking water out of your cells 65% of h20 is in your cells)
3.Blood volume and pressure drop, osmolariy rises
4.Blood absorbs tissue fluid to replace loss
5.Fluid pulled from ICF to tissues to accommodate for lost water |
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Term
what happens when you drink too much water?
what is ISOTONIC and HYPOTONIC? |
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Definition
Both NA and Water retained, ECF ISOTONIC
eg.
-aldosterone hypersecretion (retaining too much NA and water)
Hypotonic hydration-
More water than NA retained or ingested-ECF hypotonic-can cause cellular swelling
Hypotonic-if you take in more water without solutes between your ICF and ECF, water goes from ECF into the ICF because your ICF has more solutes in it. water follows solutes.
Most serious effects-pulmonary and cerebral edema |
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Term
Fluid Sequestration
what are 3 forms of fluid sequestration? |
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Definition
Excess fluid in a particular location.
Most common-edema
Hematomas-
1.hemorrhage into tissues
2.Blood is lost to circulation
Pleural effustion-several liters of fluid may accumulate in some lung infection |
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Term
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Definition
Chemically reactive in metabo
determine cell membrane potentials
affect osmolarity of body fluids
affects body's H20 content and distribution |
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Term
| Mother fucking sodium Functions? |
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Definition
Membrane potential
90-95% osmolarity of ECF
exchanges intra NA for extra K
creates gradient ofr cotransport like glucose
generates heat
accounts for 40% of the ATP the body burns at rest.
NaHCO3 has major role in buffering pH |
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Term
| What is hypernatremia and hypokalemia and how does it effect Aldosterone? |
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Definition
Save salt
increases # of Na and K pumps on membrane of renail tubules.
Hypernatremia-too much sodium In body-inhibits aldosterone b/c if you already have a lot of NA you don't want to save more NA.
Hypokalemia- too little potassium-if aldosterone is excreted you will looses even more potassium through NA K pump. Aldosterone is inhibited here as well.
SIde note-anything that affects NA will affect K the opposite direction. |
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Term
| What does ADH do and how does it affect NA? |
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Definition
Doesnt affect salt but effects water. If you have too much NA in your blood you will retain water in order to fix your osmotic pressure.
You have to retain water to delute NA decrease NA concentration down.
Kidneys reabsorb more water w/0 retaining more NA |
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Term
| How does ANP work? where is it secreted from? |
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Definition
Atrial natriuretic peptide
from stretched atria
You always have to pee-you excrete NA. Water goes with NA therefore, lowering BP/volume |
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Term
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Definition
Mimics the effects of aldosterone that is why pepes get swollen
progesterone has a diuretic effects. |
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Term
| What is Hypernatremia and what does it do? |
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Definition
from IV saline. Put them on saline drip and don't do it right.
Water retention-water follows solutes-
hypertension higher stroke volume
edema |
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Term
| What is Hyponatremia and what does it do? |
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Definition
not enough Na in blood.
results from excess body water, quickly corrected by excretion for excretion of excess water.
Exertional hyponatremia-water and salts lost in sweat are replaced by pure water and you don't have enough salt. when you drink water you go to further hypon- you need electrolytes.
you feel like throwing up. |
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Term
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Definition
Most abundant in ICF
Shafer mines largest potassium mine.
90% of K in glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the PCT.
DCT and cortical portion of collecting duct secrete K in response to blood levels.
Aldosterone stimulates renal secretion of K (save sodium but excrete K) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Hyperkalemia and what does it do to your muscles? |
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Definition
-Too much K in blood.
-Rapid onset=Nerve and Muscle cells abnormally excitable.
-Slow onset=nerve and muscle cells become less excitable.
Either nerves and muscles too excitable or not excitable.
Crush injuries cells burst open and K spills out. |
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Term
| What is Hypokalemia and how does it effect you? |
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Definition
Not enough K,
Happens from sweating, chronic vomiting or diarrhea.
Loss of K
nerve and muscle cells less excitable
-muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, less relexes arrthymais
nerve muscles cells less excitable. |
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Term
| what are the functions of Chloride? |
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Definition
Major role in Regulating Ph
chloride shift
HCL
most abundant anion in ECF
Homeostasis achieved as an effect of NA homeostasis |
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Term
| Hyperchloremia results in what? |
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Definition
Result of dietary excess or IV saline
leads to acidosis |
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Term
| Hypocholermia results in what? |
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Definition
result of hyponatremia
leaks to alkalosis
Primary effect is Ph imbalance for both cholorie imbalaneces |
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Term
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Definition
skeletal mineralization
muscle contration
second messenger
exocytosis
blood clotting |
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Term
| Calcium and PTH, Calcitrol, and Calcitonin what do these do? |
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Definition
PTH-raises blood ca by stimulating bone resorption by osteoclasts (takes ca out of your bone and puts it in blood)
calcitrol-a form of vitamine D
raises ca by stimulating bone resorption by osetoclasts and by enchancing ca absorption in small intestine
Calcitonin-lowers ca by stimulating bone deposition by osteoblasts (puts calcium in your blood?) |
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Term
| what are the causes and consequences of Hypercalcemia? |
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Definition
causes; hyperparathyroidism, hypothroidsm
conseq; decreased membrane NA permability, inhibits depolarization
muscular weakness, depressed reflexes, cardiac arrhythmias |
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Term
| what are the causes and concequences of hypocalcemia? |
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Definition
Causes; decreased vitamine D, diarrhea, pergo, lactation, hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism
COnceq; increased membrane NA permeability, causing nervous & muscular systems to be abnormally excitable.
very low levels result in tetanus, larynospasm, death.
Muscle's contract but dont relax. |
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Term
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Definition
concentrated in ICF as-PO4 3-, HPO4 2-, & H2PO4-
-activates metabolic pathways by phosphorylating enzymes
Major buffer in ICF |
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Term
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Definition
Renal control-if plasma concentration drops, renal tubules reabsorb all filtered phosphate
-parathyroid hormone- increase excretion of PO
-Imbalances not as bad as others electrolytes, body can tolerate broad variations in concentration of phosphate |
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Term
| Acid-Base challenges are? |
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Definition
Challenges to body are
1.latic acid
2.phosporic acids
3.fatty acids
4.Ketone bodies
5.carbonic acids
Acids-low numbers, strong acids ionize freely and markedly lower ph
-weak acids ionize only slightly |
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Term
| Base ionize____? and weak bases ionize? |
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Definition
strong bases ionize freely, Raise pH
weak bases ionize only slightly |
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Term
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Definition
convert strong acids or bases to weak ones.
Physiological and chemical buffer systems. |
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Term
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Definition
Urinary system and respiratory
urinary is slow but strong
respiratory is fast but weak |
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Term
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Definition
restore normal ph super fast
Bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein systems bing Hydrogen and transport it to exit through kidney or lung |
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Term
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Definition
solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions-reation works both ways
reversible reaction important-when it goes to the right -> it lowers Ph by releasing Hydrogen.
when it goes to the left <- it raises PH by binding to Hydrogen |
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Term
| buffer function with respiratory and urinary systems |
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Definition
urinary-to lower pH, kidneys excrete HCO3
Respiratory-to raise PH, kidneys excrete hydrogen and lungs excrete CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
h2po4 <->hpo4 2- + H <-> po4 3- + 2H
as in the bicarbonate system, reations that proceed to the right release H and decrease ph, & reations that proceed to the left increase Ph |
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Term
| Phospate is important to ICF & renal tubules |
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Definition
phosphates are more concentrated & function closer to their optimum pH of 6.8
constant production of metabolic acids creats pH value of 4.5-7.4 in the ICF
avg 7.0 |
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Term
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Definition
more concentrated than bicarbonate or PO systems especially in the ICF
acidic side group can release H
amino side group can bind to H |
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Term
| Respiratory Control Of Ph |
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Definition
neutralizes 2-3 x as much acid as chemical buffers
collaberates w/ bicarbonate system
reaction to the -> lowers pH by releasing H
CO2 expired <- (reaction to left)
-raises pH by binding to H
increase Co2 and decrease pH stimulate pulmonary ventilation.
Increased pH inhibits pulmonary ventilation.
Too acidic-you hyperventilate to blow off co2
alkalosis slow breathing
CO2 is the main factor of pH |
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Term
| Renal control of pH (urinary) |
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Definition
most powerful but slow
renal tubules secret H into tubular fluid, then excreted in urine |
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Term
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Definition
acidosis
-H diffuses into cells & and drives out K, elevating K concentration in ECF
-H buffered by protein in ICF, causes membrane hyperpolarization, nerve & muscle cells are hard to stimulate
-cns depression may lead to death
affects of hydrogen on potassium-it raises threshold on membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
Alkalosis-
H diffues out of the cells and K diffuses in
membrane depolarized, nerve overstimulate muscles.
spasms, tetany, convulsions, respiratory paralysis |
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Term
| Symptoms of acidosis vs. alkalosis |
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Definition
Acidosis;
cns depression
sluggish reflexes
confusion
coma death
alkalosis;
hyperexcitability of neuromusc syst
muscle spasms
m-tetany
convulsions
paralysis of respiratory muscles
death |
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Term
| causes of Acidosis and alkalosis |
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Definition
acidosis;
too much acid in
not enough out
not enough base in
not enough base out
alkalosis;
too much base in
not enough base out
not enough acid in
too much acid out
not all of these are equally likely in the human body |
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Term
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Definition
COPD-you dont exchange enough co2 & it builds up inside your body.
Pulmonary edema-pneumonia or left side CHF bc everything back up in tissues.
Airway obstruction-asthma or cystic fibrosis.
depression or injury to brainstem respiratory centers.
-narcotic overdose
-stroke, tumors, trauma or brainstem |
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Term
| Causes of respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
anything that causes hyperventilation
-pain, anxiety, panic attacks, brainstem injury, ventilaror settings, hypoxemia |
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Term
| causes of metabolic acidosis |
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Definition
aspirin overdose
too much H ingested or produced
excessive alcohol intake
increase ketone production
diabetic ketoacidosis
starvation
lactic acid production
very strenous excercise
acute MI w/ heart failure
others;
too much HCO3 lost to diarrhea, laxatives, colostomy or ileostomy
not enough HCOw3 made
renal disease
not enough H is secreted
renal disease |
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Term
| causes of metabolic alkalosis |
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Definition
too much HCO3 is ingested
-antiacids
-Na bicarbonate products
too much H lost
-chronic emesis
-gastric suctioning
rare |
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Term
| compensation for pH imbalances |
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Definition
respiratory system adjust ventilation fast but limited
-hypercapnia-(increased c02) sto,i;ates pulmonary ventilation
-hypocapina reduces it |
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Term
| renal componsation of pH imbalances |
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Definition
slow but powerful
-effective for imbalances of a few days or longer
-acidosis causes increase in H secretion
-alkalosis causes bicarbonate secretion |
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