Term
causes of metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap
mneumonic GRADA |
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Definition
GI losses eg diarrhoea or fistula
renal tubular acidosis
Addisons disease
Drugs e.g acetazolamide
Ammonium chloride injection |
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Term
causes of metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap
KULA |
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Definition
Ketones: DKA, alcohol
Urate: renal failure
Lactate: shock, hypoxia
Acid poisoning: salicylates, methanol |
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Term
Metabolic alkalosis causes?
this is due to loss of H+ or gain of bicarbonate
usually due to problem at kidney or GI tract
mneumonic: PBC! VD! congenital hyper lipidemia.. and now metabolic alkalosis you gotta be kidding me! |
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Definition
vomiting
diuretics
liquorice
hypokalemia
primary hyperaldosteronism
Cushings
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Bartter's syndrome |
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Term
| subacute thyroiditis is associated with increased or reduce iodine uptake on scan? |
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Definition
| Decreased iodine uptake on scan |
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Term
which of the following steroids has the least amount of mineralocorticoid activity?
fludrocortisone
hydrocorticose
dexamethasone
prednisolone
cortisone |
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Definition
| Dexamethasone. this is important because in some situations you need to give a steroid with high glucocorticoid activity (anti inflammatory effect) with minimal mineralocorticoid (fluid retention) effects. a good example is using dexamethasone in raised ICP in people with brain tumours/mets |
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Term
MEN 1 3P's
MEN 2 TPA
what are these |
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Definition
MEN I parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas
MEN II thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal |
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Term
| in working out anion gap what are cations and what are anions |
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Definition
sodium and potassium are cations
chloride and bicarbonate are anions
the sum of cations is normally greater than that of anions by 14 |
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Term
| what is the normal range for the anion gap? |
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Definition
8-16 when not including K in the equation.
when you include K+ in the equation the anion gap is less 10-20
work out by K+ and Na+ - Cl and bicarbonate |
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