1. the right side of the heart carries carbon dioxide. Blood is carried through the veins carrying carbon dioxide and enters the right atrium and then goes into the right ventricle, where than the heart squeezes and blood is than pushed into the lungs where the carbon dioxide is dumped and fresh oxygen is taken. 

2. when the freshly grabbed oxygen enters through the lungs it is carried by proteins called hemoglobinsin the blood cells and enter the left atrium where it is lowered into the left ventricle. when the heart squeezes again, the blood is rushed towards the largest artery the Aorta where it is than transported to the rest of the body. 

cardiac output system (Q)

and how to find someones cardiac output

1. is an outline of how much output of blood in each stroke( stroke is amount of milliliters of blood that is being pumped out of the ventricles ) and how many heart beats per minute. 

2. To measure somebodies cardiac output, all they have to do is find how many times does the heart beat per minute and multiply that by how much blood is being pumped out per milliliters in the ventricles. 

Formula for Q

Q= BEATS IN A MINUTE TIMES STROKE VOLUME. 

ejection fraction is the amount of blood that is ejected through the ventricles. During rest or no workout days, the ejection fraction is only at 50% meaning that on the days you dont workout the amount of blood that is expelled is only half. When we do workout however, the ejection fraction goes up to 100% meaning that all of the blood in the ventrcles are completely ejected. 

the change from 50% to 100% is because when we work out the body needs more oxygen from the blood supply to function. 

is the process in which fresh oxygen leaves the aorta and flows towards the muscles where at the capallarie level the oxygen is extracted. But, sometimes not all the blood is extracted from the capallaries and end up traveling back up the veins into the lungs. 

 the body's main energy source, which are produced usually by fats and carbohydrates when the body is sufficient in calories, but if adequate calories are not reached than protiens from the muscles are taken to substitute for the lack of fat or carbohydrates.

AdenosineTriphosphate is the source that gives the energy for muscles to work and everything else in the body. ATP is produced through three pathways 1.areobic 2. anaerobic 3. creatine phosphate. 

is the upper level of aerobic mode. Anaerobic mode is the level which oxygen extraction at the muscular level is lacking, and the producer of ATP in the absence of fats and gluclose is creatine phoshate and glycogen. Glycogen is a chain of gluclose that is stored in the muscles and liver and creatine phospate is stored in the muscles. 

enzymes are protiens that the body uses to metabolize fatty acids and carbohydrates. 

2. the first kind of enzymes proteins are found in the aerobic mode these enzymes are the ones that help break down the fatty acids and carbohydrates that will help form the ATP in aerobic mode. The other enzymes are found in anaerobic mode where these enzymes break down the carbohydrates for the anaerobic ATP. 

The carbohydrate enzymes found in aerobic mode are different from the enzymes that break down anaerobic carbohydrates. 

When a client is starting a workout the cardiac output increases to help supply suffcient amount of oxygen for a given activity. In depth, when a client starts their workout as cardiac output is increased blood is shunted from the abdominal area which is a process called Vasodilation( the vessels increasing in size) which allows blood from the abdomen to reach active muscles. The vessels also shrink into size called Vasocontriction. 

when a person is active the SBP (systolic blood pressure) increases, which mean that when the body is active the systolic phase increases, and so blood can effectively reach active muscles. 

Regular aerobic training can create more capaillaries pathways for more oxygen delivery and extraction. What also increases in volume is cells start to form more mitochondria and protein enzymes become more active. the others are lower heart rate, higher stroke volume and a higher anaerobic threshold. The more aerobically fit a client becomes the more they effectively burn fat, but also the body is able to produce ATP at a higher aerobic level. 

Some other benefits also include the body being able to use more fatty acids to make ATP at a submaximal level, the body is able to produce less lactic acid during endurance runs and lastely the body is able to store more glycogen in the skeletal muscles. 

is the ability to increase the volume of venous return to the heart to help increase the cardiopulmonary system(aerobic)  and the skeletal muscle system ( strength training) 

To achieve increase cardiopulmonary system and skeletal system there mustbe four rules to follow 1. the exercise must be the right type 2. the duration of the workout must be at least a certain amount of time to improve the system 3. the exercise must be done at a specific intensity 4. how many days will you be doing it.

50% to 85% of oxygen consumption must be reached and when these are reached the heart rate should be in the ranges of 60% to 90%

and beginners that are trying to lose weight can see improvement at 40% of VO2 MAX 

1. lack of aerobic exercise 2. high blood pressure (hypertension) 3. smoking 4. high blood cholesterol levels.

2. people who lack aerobic exercise are usually obese or overweight. high blood pressure is usually found in overweight people as well. aerobic exercise also helps people who smoke because it acts as a incentive aid the urge to not smoke. Lastly, regular moderate aerobic exercise helps permote good cholesterol. 

When a client is working in hot enviroments blood vessels near the skin open up and blood runs near the skin to release the heat in the body that is raising body temp. When clients work in hot humid enviroments it can be harmful, because sweat cannot evaporate in the humidity. 

it is importand to also drink between 3 to 6 ounces every ten minutes and letting the body evaporate sweat. The cooler the water a person drinks the better because cold water can empty more rapidly in the stomach and goes into the intenstines to be absorbed. 

1. cardiac cells are unique in structure and function these cells are only found in the heart. 

2.smooth muscle cells are found inside the arteries and in the walls of the intestines. These cells help for shunting blood. 

3. skeletal muscles cells are banded together to create a skeletal muscle and these are the only cells that are under voluntary movement and causes movement around the joints. 

Fast and slow fibers varie in different muscles such as comapring the fibers in a bicep to the fiber distribution in quads. 

People do not have the same amount of fibers compared to other people. Some people have more fast twitch or slow twitch fibers in certain muscles than others. 

Muscle contractions start at the brain specifically at the motor neuron site. Neurons are cells that make up the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons have neurontransmitters that have chemicals called acetylcholine, which sends impulses to the muscle fibers. When neurontransmitters and muscles come together to send impulses it is called neuromusclar junction. 

In muscle fibers, there are myofibrials that have sacromeres running a long them , and running around the sacromere are sarcolemmas which amembranes and there is also the sacroplasm, which is the area where inside the sacroplasm are mitochondrias and sacroplasm reticulum, which sacroplasm reticulums only purpose is to release calcium. 

muscle contraction must have two things 1. enough ATP and a impulse must be sent to the spinal cord.

A nervous impulse from the brain is sent to the neuron motor where acetylcholine is deteted and is released at the neuromuscular junction. The nervous impulse than travels to the sacroplasm where deep in it it activates the sacroplasm reticulum where calcium is released and attaching itself to troponin and tropomyosin where than it unbinds its self from the myosin. When suffcient ATP is available the Myosin head attaches itself to the actin causing the myosin to pull in the actin and causing the myofibrial to come to the center of the sacromeres. 

Explain all or none principle 

How much a skeletal muscle contracts depends on what two factors

muscle fibers act in a way called the all or none priniciple. The all or non principle says that when a single muscle fiber is contracted it contracts at its maximum compacity.

How much a skeletal muscle contracts depends on two factors. 

1. the size of the muscle fibers, the bigger they are the stronger they are as well. 2. how many muscle fibers are activated simutaneously, which means the more fibers that are recruited the more force the fibers generate. 

Are the relationship between a motor neuron and muscle fibers. One motor nerve from the spinal cord can either be under control of 5 muscle fibers or 1000 fibers. Motor units that have 5 muscle fibers are the ones that control eye movements and others like that. Motor units that control 1000 fibers are the ones that lift heavy things such as dead lifts and anything that particular. When a motor unit is called upon to contract the fibers contract all at once or not at all. Motor units can be consisted of mostly slow twitch fibers and others are fast twitch fibers. 

A muscle belly can have multiple motor units and with that being said. When we lift light weights such as a light dumbell, only enough units are activated to lift the dumbell successfully and remember when it does this, the motor units that are activated are the ones that will exert maximal force. When we lift a heavy weight the body will call upon all the motor units in that particualr muscle to be activated to life the weight.