Term
| Standard American English (SAE) |
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Definition
| A form of English that is relatively devoid of regional characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual speech pattern characteristic of your own personality |
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Term
| Southern Dialect Characteristics |
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Definition
| Southern shift (monphthongization, tensing and laxing), derhotacization, epenthesis of /j/, vowel mergers, back upglide shift |
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Term
| Boston Dialect Characteristics |
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Definition
| Derhoticization, drop postvocalic r, rhotacization after ə, backing æ to a |
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Term
| African American Dialect Characteristics |
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Definition
| Final consonant deletion (stops and nasals), labialization, derhotacization, cluster reduction, stopping |
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Term
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Definition
| Trill; substitution (no tensing/laxing) of vowels (raised and lowered), weak syllable deletion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
shift in vowel production
monophthongization, tensing, and laxing |
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Term
| Example of Southern: monophthongization |
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Definition
aɪ -> a, maɪnd (mind) --> mand
or /laɪk/ -> /la:k) |
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Term
| Example of Southern: tensing |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of Southern: laxing |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of Southern: epenthesis of /j/ |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of Southern: vowel merger |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of African American: derhotaziation |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of African American: final consonant deletion |
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Definition
bæt to bæ (stop)
mæn to mæ: (nasal) *vowel still nasalized |
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Term
| Example of African American: cluster reduction |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of African American: labialization |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of African American: stopping |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences between Spanish and English |
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Definition
English have 14 vowels, Spanish have 5
Spanish Trill
Th does not exist in Spanish |
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Term
| Example of Spanish: substitution of vowels (raised and lowered) |
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Definition
raised- /lid/ for /lɪd/
lowered- /nɪd/ for need |
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Term
| Example of Spanish: weak syllable deletion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the place of artic. of one vowel changes, causing the surrounding vowels in the quadrilateral to likewise shift in production |
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Definition
| occurs when vowels with separate artics fuse into one similar place of artic |
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Term
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Definition
western us, minnesota, southern ohio
low back merger |
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Term
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Definition
merger of low back vowels /ɔ/ and /ɑ/
no phonetic contrast
example: Dawn and Don = /dɑn/ |
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Definition
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Definition
northern inland united states
[image] |
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Term
| Asian-Pacific influenced English |
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Definition
tonic differences
voiceless stops: unaspirated, unreleased
cluster reduction
deletion/substitutions of final consonants |
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Term
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Definition
| words meaning differ when pronounced with a varying tone or intonation pattern |
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Definition
/ɔ/ to /aʊ/
ex:/ pɔlə/ to /paʊlə/ |
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Term
| purely sensory component of pain pathway |
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Definition
| spinal cord -> ventral posterolateral thalamus -> SS1 -> SS2 |
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Term
| immediate emotional component of pain pathway |
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Definition
| pathways that reach the ACC (immediate emo) and insular cortex (disgust) |
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Term
| longterm emotional component of pain pathway |
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Definition
| pathways that reach the prefrontal cortex (memory, consciousness) |
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Term
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Definition
activation as the immediate emotional response to pain
can be deactivated through conscious effort (hynopsis)
can be activated when watching someone else be in pain (empathy) |
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Term
| meissner's corpuscle char* |
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Definition
small RF
fast adapting
sense vibration
touch |
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Term
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Definition
large RF
fast adapting
sudden skin stretch
deep pressure |
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Term
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Definition
small RF
slow adapting
gradual skin indentation
touch |
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Term
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Definition
large RF
slow adapting
gradual skin stretch
touch and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| peptide which causes short-lived, intense pain |
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Term
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Definition
| neuromodulator associated with afferent fibers for pain |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that sensitize nerve endings to histamine (Ex. Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis) |
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Term
| primary sensory cortex (SS1) |
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Definition
post-central gyrus
somatotopic
larger the area, greater the acuity of processing
input is largely contralateral |
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Term
| SS2 (unimodal association cortex) |
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Definition
somatosensory cortex mainly input from SS1
somatotopic
input from both sides of body |
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Term
| dorsal column medial lemniscal system pathway |
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Definition
| spinal cord/spinothalamic tract --> dorsal root ganglion --> medial lemniscus --> ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus --> SS1 |
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Term
| anterolateral spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
| pain pathway with several synapses before reaching the thalamus (i.e., it’s local) |
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Term
| dorsal column medial lemniscal |
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Definition
tactile pathway with no synapses before thalamus by its main axons (i.e., it’s express)
collaterals synapse on the pain pathway only in the spinal cord |
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Term
| applications of gate control theory |
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Definition
rubbing the skin near the site of injury
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
dorsal column stimulation
acupunture |
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Term
| presynaptic inhibition ntwk for pain |
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Definition
the pain neuron releases substance P as its neurotransmitter
another neuron releases enkephalin at presynaptic
thereby inhibiting release of substance P and alleviating pain (causes smaller EPSPs |
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Term
| role of peri-aqueductal gray |
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Definition
direct stimulation leads to pain relief
endogenous opioid receptors are located in PAG
synapses on 5HT raphe nuclei at level of medulla |
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