Organic Chemistry

Compounds that contain carbon

All living things contain carbon, so all living things are...

Organic

What are the 3 ways carbon atoms bond?

1. Straight Chain
2. Branched Chain
3. Ring

What are the 4 types of organic compounds essential to living organisms?

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates are made of __, __, and __; in a ratio of __:__:__

Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O; in a ratio of 1:2:1

3 Types of Carbohydrates

1. Monosaccharide
2. Disaccharide
3. Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide

• Simple sugar
• made of one sugar molecule
• Ex. glucose

Disaccharide

• Double sugar
• Made up of two monosaccharides bonded together
• Ex. Sucrose

Polysaccharide

• Complex sugar
• Made of many monosaccharides bonded together
• Ex. starch, cellulose, glycogen

Lipids

• Fats
• Made of C, H, and O
• Large proportion of C, H, compared to O

Lipids are used for...

• energy storage
• insulation
• protective coatings
• key component of cell membrane

Examples of Lipids

• Triglycerides
• Wax
• Steroids

Nucleic Acids

• Made of C, H, and O
• store and transmit genetic information
• two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Proteins

• Made of C, H, O and N
• Provide structure for tissues and organs
• Essential to life
• Carry out cell metabolism

Proteins are Important in...

• Contracting muscles
• Transporting oxygen in blood
• Providing immunity
• Carry out chemical reactions
• Digestion of food

Chemical Reaction

a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

Reactant

Elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction

Product

Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Activation Energy

The energy that is needed to get a reaction started

Enzyme

• A Protein
• A type of catalyst
• Speeds up reactions
• Lowers the amount of activation energy
• Can be reused
• Is specific to what it reacts with

Induced Fit Model

The active site on the enzyme and the shape of the substrate are not a perfect match.  When they fit together they "mold" to each other.

Denature

Enzymes active site changes shape and will not bind to the substrate, so no reaction

Enzymes play essential roles in...

• regulating chemical reactions
• make materials that cells need
• releasing energy
• transferring information

How does an acid affect an enzyme?

It will cause the reaction to slow down or stop because the active site has been denatured by the acid

How does a high temperature affect an enzyme?

As temperature increases the rate of the reaction will increase because the molecules are moving faster, but if it goes beyond the optimal temperature the active site denatures and the reaction stops working

How does cold temperatures affect enzymes?

Cold temperatures cause molecules to move slower so the rate of the reaction will slow down

How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction

• If the amount of enzyme is increased the reaction will occur faster.
• If the amount of enzyme is decreased the reaction will occur slower.

How does substrate concentration affect the reaction rate?

• If the substrate concentration increases then the reaction will occur faster
• If the substrate concentration decreases then the reaction will occur slower

Robert Hooke

• Used on of the first microscopes to view cork
• Came up with the name "Cell"

Leeuwenhoek

• Used a microscope to view a drop of pond water
• He discovered critters living in the water

Schleiden

Schwann

Virchow

Said that all cells come from existing cells

3 Parts of the Cell Theory

1. All living organisms are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
3. Cells come from existing cells

What are the 2 Types of Cells

1. Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryotes

What are the 2 Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Plants

Animals

Prokaryote

• Pro means before
• Karyote means nucleus
• Does not contain a nucleus
• DNA is free floating inside the cell
• Does not contain membrane bound organelles
• Most are unicellular
• First appeared 2 billion years ago

Eukaryote

• Eu means true
• karyote means nucleus
• have a nucleus
• have membrane bound organelles
• are eith unicellular or multicellular
• evolved 1.5 billion years ago

Organelle

membrane bound structures in eukaryotic cell that manages the cells functions

Cytoplasm

clear fluid inside a cell

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

• Only in plants, fungi, bacteria and some protists
• a rigid structure that is located outside the cell membrane that provides support and protection

Nucleus

• cells largest organelle
• surrounded by the nuclear envelope
• contains DNA

Nucleolus

• Organelle inside the nucleus
• Makes ribosomes and RNA

Ribosomes

makes proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• "Highway of the Cell"
• A series of folded membranes that transports materials to the Golgi body
• 2 types of ER: rough and smooth

Rough ER

covered with ribosomes

makes proteins

Smooth ER

Not covered in ribosomes

makes lipids

Golgi Apparatus (Body)

• "Post Office"
• sorts proteins, lipids, etc into packages and sends them to where the body needs them

Vacuoles

• "Storage Shed"
• stores food, waste, products, enzymes, etc
• In plants 1 large vacuole
• In animals many small vacuoles

Lysosomes

• "Garbage Truck"
• break down lipids, carbs, old cells, viruses, bacteria

Plastids

• Only in plants
• store pigement molecules
• Chloroplast is a type of plastid

Mitochondria

• "Powerhouse"
• makes ATP (energy) for the cell

Chloroplasts

• only in plants
• type of plastid
• contains chlorophyll
• involved in photosynthesis

Cytoskeleton

• gives cells support and structure
• made of microtubules and microfilaments

Cilia

• short hairlike structures
• helps cell move

Flagella

• long tail like structure
• helps cell move

What are the differences between and plant and animal cell?

Plant                             Animal

photosynthesis             no photosynthesis

chloroplasts                  no chloroplasts

chlorophyll                   no chlorophyll

cell wall                        no cell wall

one large vacuole         many small vacuole

square                         round

in general larger          smaller