Heat

The amount of internal kinetic energy of atoms and molecules that flows from a warmer to a cooler environment in an effort to reach equilibrium.

Temperature

A scale for measuring thermal energy

How heat is measured

by calories or with a temperature scale

calorie

the amount of heat needed to increase one gram of water by one edgree Celsus or Kelvin

Farenheit temperature scale

a scale in which the freezing point of water was 32 degrees F and the boiling point of water was 212 degrees F

Thermometer

a device to measure temperature

Galileo

credited with developing the first thermometer in 1592

Gabriel Farneheit

developed the first closed-tube mercury thermometer in 1713

Thermographs

detect infrared energy

detect the amount of heat emanating from objects or regions.

They use colors to determine the temperature.

How a thermograph works

When an object is hot, it releases thermal energy known as heat, which produces infrared electromagnetic waves and can be detected by infrared cameras.

Color indicators on a thermograph

Red indicates the warmest temperatures.

Blue indicates cooler temperatures.

What is the difference between a thermometer and a thermostat?

Thermometers measure the heat energy released from an object.

Thermostats not only measure the temperature, but also controls heating and cooling systems (sensors).

Celsius scale

based on the freezing point of water at 0 degrees Celsius and the boiling point of water at

100 degrees Celsius

Kelvin scale

Each degree on the Kelvin scale is equal to one degree on the Celsius scale, but the difference is where zero is.

Absolute Zero

The lowest possible temperature (0 Kelvin). Also considered the absolute highest temperature, where heat and pressure no longer exist.

a theoretical temperature indicating zero heat energy.

There is no known absolute high temperature and absolute zero is not something that can be achieved.

Celsius vs Kelvin

0 degrees Celsius- Freezing point of water

0 point on the Kelvin scale- Absolute zero

-273.15* Celsius = 0 degrees Kelvin

0 degrees Celsius = 273.15 Kelvin

The three major phases of matter

1) solid

2) liquid

3) gaseous states

Some scientists recognize plasma, a state closely related to gas, as a 4th state of matter.

the Plasma state

occurs when the atoms in gaseous molecules become ionized, or charged particles.

When a gas is submitted to extremely high temperatures, often tens of thousands Kelvin, the collisions of the atoms in the gas are so great that they ________ _________.

break apart

Since the atoms are literally in pieces, each piece has it's own charge, forming _________ ____ or __________.

ionized gas or

plasma

Heat transfer methods

Convection

Conduction

Infrared radiation

Convection

process of transferring heat through circulating warm air (like a hair dryer)

Conduction

achieved by direct contact with a warm surface

(hot stove heating/cooking food)

Infrared radiation

exposure to electromagnetic radiation, specifically infrared waves

Thermodynamics

the field of physics that studies the movement of heat.

How many laws are there of thermodynamics?

There is a zeroth, first, second and third law of thermodynamics.

The Zeroth Law

States that temperature is a method of determining if heat will flow from one object to another.

If two objects are the same temperature, they will exchange no heat between them.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

States that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but only transformed.

Energy can change form, but it must be conserved.

Work and energy increases the ___________ of the surroundings.

temperature

This has to do with the first law of thermodynamics. The form of energy from work

is changed to a temperature increase in the surroundings.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

has 2 parts:

1) Similar to the Zeroth law, stating that heat will only flow freely from a warm to a cool environment.

 (as in condensation and evaporation)

2) Entropy- the amount of disorder in a system

As a system gets closer and closer to ____________, it also becomes more ____________, increasing it's entropy.

equilibrium

disordered

This is the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Although a transformation does not change the total amount of energy within a closed system, after any transformation, the amount of free energy available to do work is always _______ than the original amount of energy.

less

This is the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The total amount of work before a transformation ____________ the total amount after the transformation.

equals

This is the First Law of Thermodynamics.

Condensation

Water coming from the sky back down

This is the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Evaporation

when energetic water molecules with high velocity leave the surface tension and move upwards into the atmosphere

Higher velocities means higher temperatures, so by removing the molecules with the ___________

temperatures from a liquid, the temperature of the remaining liquid is ____________.

highest

lowered

This has to do with evaporation (2nd law of Thermodynamics).

The Third Law of Thermodynamics

states that the absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature, the point at which there is no energy, can never be reached.