Term
| idiographic understanding |
|
Definition
an understanding of the behavior of a particular individual
-clinicians use procedures of assessment and diagnosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to determine how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how they may be helped, evaluate people's progress, and decide if treatments should be changed
-use three techniques: clinical interviews, tests, and observations--which must be standardized and have reliablilty and validity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard/norm against which any individual's score can be measured
-set up common steps to be followed whenever administered
(must standardize interpretation techniques and test scores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measure of consistency of a test or research results
(good assessment tool will always yield same results in same situation; and will have high test-retest reliability and high interrater reliability) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patients tested on two occasions and two scores are correlated; the higher the correlation the greater the test's reliability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-accuracy of a test's or study's results
-a tool should have high predictive validity or concurrent validity
-extent to which test or study actually measures or shows what it claims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
assessment makes sense and seems reasonable
-does not mean the instrument is trustworthy (depressed people may cry, but so do other people for various reasons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tool's ability to predict future characteristics or behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree with measures gathered from other assessment techniques |
|
|
Term
[side box]
American Idol judges... |
|
Definition
| Randy, Simon, Paula - have low interrator reliability which may reflect evaluator bias or defects in the scoring procedure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
face-to-face encounter
-therapist can see reactions and observe and listen as the client answers
-usually the first contact between client and therapist where information about problems and feelings, lifestyles and relationships, and other personal history is gathered; give special attention to whatever topics are most important |
|
|
Term
psychodynamic interviewers
(clinical interviews) |
|
Definition
| try to learn about person's needs and memories of past events and relationships |
|
|
Term
behavioral interviewers
(clincal interviews) |
|
Definition
| try to pinpoint information about stimuli that trigger responses and their consequences |
|
|
Term
cognitive interviewers
(clinical interviews) |
|
Definition
| try to discover assumptions and interpretations that influence the person |
|
|
Term
humanistic interviewers
(clinical interviews) |
|
Definition
| ask about self-evaluation, self-contempt, and values |
|
|
Term
biological interviewers
(clinical interviews) |
|
Definition
| look for signs of biochemical or brain dysfunction |
|
|
Term
sociocultural interviewers
(clinical interviews) |
|
Definition
| ask about family, social, and cultural environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ask prepared questions
-may use an interview schedule
-many include mental status exam
-ensures clinicians will cover same kinds of important issues in all interviews and enables them to compare responses of different individuals
(behavioral and cognitive clinicians prefer) |
|
|
Term
interview schedule
(structured interview) |
|
Definition
| standard set of questions designed for all interviews |
|
|
Term
mental status exam
(structured interviews) |
|
Definition
set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal degree and nature of client's abnormal functioning
(evaluate: awareness, orientation of time and place, attention span, memory, judgement and insight, thought content process, mood, appearance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-asks open-ended questions
-allows interviewer to follow leads and explore relevant topics that can't be anticipated before the interview
(psychodynamic and humanistic clinicians prefer) |
|
|
Term
| limitations of clinical interviews |
|
Definition
-sometimes lack validity and accuracy (intentional misleading to present self in different light or avoid topics or because unable to give accurate report)
-interviewers may make mistakes in judgement and slant information (rely too heaviliy on first impressions and give too much weight to unfavorable information; race/gender/age biases)
-may lack reliability (particularly in unstructured) (people respond differently to different interviewers (because of age, gener, race, appearance)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning from which broader information about a person can be inferred
(a good test should yeild consistent, accurate information or say where we stand in comparison to others)
(6 most-often used tests...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to (ink blots, pictures, open-ended instructions)
-used primarily by psychodynamic clinicians to help assess unconscious drives and conflicts
-most used: Rorschach, Thematic Apperception, sentence-completion, drawings |
|
|
Term
Rorschach test
(projective test) |
|
Definition
-developed by Herman Rorschach, 1911
-dropped ink on paper and folded it over to make symmetrical, accidental designs
-everyone found images in the blots and those images seemed to correspond to psychological condition
-published 10 ink blots for the Rorshach Psychodynamic Inkblot Test in 1921 --which led to most widely used projective test of 20th centruy
-administered in 2 rounds
-before clinicians focused on themes and images that were brought to mind; but now they focus on style of responses |
|
|
Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
(projective tests) |
|
Definition
-pictoral projective test
-shown 30 black-and-white pictures of individuals in vague situations and client asked to make up a dramatic story (what's happening now in the picture, what led up to it, the character's feelings and thoughts, and the outcome)
-clinicians believe that people will always identify with one of the characters on each card
-stories are thought to reflect individual's own circumstances, needs, and emotions |
|
|
Term
sentence-completion tests
(projective testa) |
|
Definition
-developed in 1920s
-asks people to complete series of unfinished sentences ('I wish...' or 'My father...')
-considered a good springboard for discussion and an easy way to pinpoint topics to explore |
|
|
Term
| [side box] family physicians recognize... |
|
Definition
| family physicians recognize fewer than 1/3rd of all depression among patients - most undetected cases are mild |
|
|
Term
drawing tests
(projective tests) |
|
Definition
-asked to draw human figures and talk about them
-drawing tells us something about its creator
-evaluations bases on details and shape, solidarity of pencil line, location on paper, size of figures, features, use of background, and comments made during the drawing task
-most popular is Draw-a-Person (DAP)-- first draw a person, then a person of the opposite sex)
-drawing tests are commonly used to asses functioning in children; Kinetic (action) Family Drawing Test--draw household members performing some activity) |
|
|
Term
| merits of projective tests |
|
Definition
-until 1950s most common technique for assessing personality; recently used as supplementary insight gatherers (newer models have less use for them than psychodynamic)
-not consistent reliability- studies show that different clinicians score people differently
-not consistent vailidity-studies show descriptions of personality and feelings don't match: self-report of client, view of psychotherapist, picture gathered from case history
-sometimes biased against minority groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test developed to measure broad personality characteristics consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them |
|
|
Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
|
Definition
-consists of more than 500 self-statements to be labeled true/false/cannot say ranging from physical concerns, mood, sexual behaviors, and social activities
^all make up 10 clinical scales, on each and idividual can score from 0-120 --when score is above 70 the behavior is considered deviant
-when scales scored, they're considered side-by-side, which creates a profile including person's general personality |
|
|
Term
(MMPI measures)
hypochondriasis |
|
Definition
| items showing abnormal concern with bodily functions |
|
|
Term
(MMPI measures)
depression |
|
Definition
| items showing extreme pessimism and hopelessness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| items suggesting that the person may use physical or mental symptoms as a way of unconsciously avoiding conflicts and responsibilities |
|
|
Term
(MMPI measures)
psychopathic deviate |
|
Definition
| items showing a repeated and gross disregard for social customs and emotional shallowness |
|
|
Term
(MMPI measures)
masculinity-femininity |
|
Definition
| items that are thought to separate male and female respondents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| items that show abnormal suspiciousness and delusions of grandeur or persecution |
|
|
Term
(MMPI measures)
psychasthenia |
|
Definition
| items that show obsessions, abnormal fears, guilt, and indecisiveness |
|
|
Term
(MMPI measures)
schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| items that show bizarre or unusual thoughts or behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| items that show emotional excitement, overactivity, and flight of ideas |
|
|
Term
(MMPI measures)
social introversion |
|
Definition
| items that show shyness, little interest in people, and insecurity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains 567 items (some were rewritten to reflect current language and some were added)
-tested on a more diverse group of people so therefore more representative of personality and abnormal functioning |
|
|
Term
| advantages over projective tests |
|
Definition
-paper-and-pencil so takes less time to administer
-objectively scored
-most standardized
-often display greater test-retest reliability
-greater validity/accuracy - but can't be considered highly valid (sometimes not able to judge personality accurately because personality traits sought out can't be measured directly and tends to have cultural limitations |
|
|
