Term
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Definition
-sudden onset, panic- serious threat of well being
-anticipatory, worry- vague sense of threat or danger |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
-A disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities
-described as free floating anxiety
-can occur at any age- mostly appears first in childhood
-symptoms are not apart of another mental
disorder
-tenseness, restlessness, concentration problems, irritability, difficulty sleeping
-not due to substance or medical issues |
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Term
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Definition
not a disorder by itself, symptom of panic disorder
-sudden sense of panic, racing heart, shaking, sweating, nausea, shortness of breath, fear of dying or heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
things that could legitimately produce harm- spiders, heights, snakes, planes, etc.
-fear of specific object or situation that is not a social phobia or agoraphobia |
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Term
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Definition
a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur
-ex. public speaking |
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Term
| panic disorder (with agoraphobia) |
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Definition
- can be accompanied directly by agoraphobia
-panic attacks
-recurrent, unexpected panic attacks- cued vs. uncued
---cued- known trigger situations- even if they do not always cause it- never know if the trigger situation will definitely cause attack or not
---uncued-dont know trigger situations- happens out of the blue
dissociative symptoms- similar to out of body experience
---depersonalization- feel a disconnect with your body
---derealization- surroundings are sort of surreal, fee out of touch with reality, but not psychotic
-anticipatory anxiety- daily worry, dont know when next attack will occur
(with agoraphobia- fear of being in a situation with no escape)
-saftey behaviors- having escape planned (medicine, exit plan, etc.)
-people afraid to leave house and travel in public places or wherever where escape might be difficult or help unavailable if symptoms develop |
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Term
| systematic desensitization/ fear hierarchy/ SUDS |
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Definition
part of exposure therapy
- relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients deal with phobias, and react calmly to object or situation they dread
- use fear hierarchy to build up to worst fear
-SUDS- subjective units of distress- arbitrary scale made by client and clinician for client to label level of distress for each level of exposure
-Stimulus→ R1 fear- panic symptoms
→ R2 no fear- calm; no panic |
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Term
| cognitive restructuring (reappraisal) |
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Definition
-part of exposure therapy
Stimulus→ R1 fear- catastrophe!
→ R2 no fear- this isn’t so bad after all |
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Term
| exposure therapies- consist of |
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Definition
bedrock of treatment for all types of anxiety disorders
cognitive restructuring (reappraisal), systematic desensitization, fear hierarchy, SUDS, flooding vs. implosion (in vivo vs. in vitro), virtual reality exposure, Biological challenge test |
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Term
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Definition
-part of exposure therapy, all at once exposure, not fear hierarchy like systematic desensitization
o Flooding- live fear, not a photo- called in vivo
o Implosion- In vitro- photo, not live, imagined situation
• More practical if the fear is rare, or fairly inaccessible
i.e. having to buy plane tickets could be expensive, or lack of availability of fear situation |
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Term
| biological challenge test/ interoceptive exposure |
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Definition
part of exposure therapy-
-ex.dizziness is a symptom of anxiety disorder, induce it by spinning around a lot- induce physical symptom, without using the trigger for the actual fear itself, then make a more rational response to this situation |
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Term
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Definition
| -tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations assess them illogically and interpret them as harmful |
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Term
| obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
-obsessions- recurrent intrusive thoughts, ideas, images or impulses that cause anxiety- person does not want these, they are bothered by them
-thought action fusion- idea that people with extreme cases will feel that their obsessions, will cause an action in the real world (i.e. thinking that not driving over bumps in the road the right way will cause a plane crash)
-obsessions are egodystonic
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-compulsions- rituals that person performs to reduce anxiety from obsessions
-technically under voluntary control- ex. cleaning, checking, etc.
yeilding vs. controlling
--seemingly forced actions- feeling of no control
--diverting actions that attempt to control obsessions |
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Term
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Definition
subtype of OCD
-inability to throw things away
--some believe items to be extensions of themselves, and dont want to let go part of themself |
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Term
| thought stopping vs. loop tape |
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Definition
-ways of stopping mental compulsions of OCD -thought stopping-have a thought, and when mental compulsion is about to start, you say STOP and refrain from doing it -loop tape-make a tape of yourself saying the obsession over and over and over, it deadens the meaning of the obsession, habituate to the sound of your voice, now when thought enters mind, you’re used to yourself saying it and it wont bother you as much
-doesnt arrouse feelings that produce need for compulsion |
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Term
| exposure and response prevention |
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Definition
-focus on explaining and treating compulsions specifically rather than obsessions.
- o exposes client to anxiety arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the clients from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention |
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Term
| egosyntonic vs. egodystonic |
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Definition
-still problematic, psychiatric symptoms, but to the individual who has them, they seem a part of that person, or consistent to who they are
ex- schizophrenia, anorexia
-symptoms unwanted to individual, intrusive, bizarre, seen as foreign to the person
-ex. OCD |
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Term
| neurobiological basis of OCD |
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Definition
-overactivity in frontal lobe (orbitolfrontal cortex) and basal ganglia (caudate nuclei)
-starts in orbitofrontal where sexual, violent and primitive impulses normally arise--> goes to caudate nuclei which acts as filter that send out only most powerful impulses to stimulus to the thalamus--> if it reaches thalamus person is driven to think about it further and perhaps act
-possible connection to cinulate cortex and amygdala as well
-low activity of serotonin- use of SSRI's can be somewhat effective and decrease overactivity in caudate nuclei- E/RP can do this as well |
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Term
| GABA inactivity theory of anxiety |
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Definition
-gamma aminobutryic acid
-malfunction in gaba feedback system (system that stops excited state by binding gaba to receptors)
-carries inhibitory messages- when received at a receptor, it causes the neuron to stop firing- drugs look to increase gaba levels to stop feelings of anxiety
-gaba is anxiety prohibitor- want higher levels of it
-low levels of this have been linked to GAD |
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Term
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Definition
benzodiazopines- sedative-hypnotic drugs that calm people in low doses and help them fall asleep in higher ones
--Specific sites in the brain that receive benzodiazepines allow antianxiety drugs to be effective- they bind to places like GABA-A receptors and increase the ability of GABA tobind them as well, and so improve GABA’s ability to stop firing and reduce anxiety
-antidepressants also work to increase activity of serotonin. serotonin carries messages between neurons but acts at different parts of the brain and neurons than GABA
-also help restore proper levels of norepinephrine in locus ceruleus |
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Term
| norepinephrine's role in panic disorder |
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Definition
-abnormal activity of this is linked to panic disorder and depression
-people with panic disorder have increased activity of this in the locus ceruleus
- this area of the brain helps control behavior- associated with attention, vigilance and arousal |
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Term
| benzodiazepine discontinuation therapy |
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Definition
if people taking this drug are persrcibed it on take as needed basis then they can develop both psychological and biological dependences on it
-it allows them to immediately medicate their panic, without ever facing it or making it better
-therapy helps ween client off the drug slowly |
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Term
| virtual reality exposure therapy |
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Definition
-if afraid of stimulus in nature that is really rare, or inaccessible (i.e. flying in plane, because its expensive) than rather then seeking these out use contraptions to simulate the experience
-can be good, but also can be less realistic and the person knows that they are not really in the situation causing fear or anxiety which may mean that when confronted with situation in real life, the fear may still exist |
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