Term
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Definition
Deviance
Distress
Dsyfunction
Danger |
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Term
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Definition
Tx (therapy) is a procedure to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior.
It is a meeting between "sufferer" and "healer" |
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Term
| Prehistoric and Ancient Views and Tx |
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Definition
Abnormal behavior was believed to be the work of evil spirits.
Cures were trephination and exorcism |
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Term
Greek and Romman Views and Tx
(500-500) |
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Definition
Hippocrates believed that an internal imbalance was the cause of problems
Four Humors: Black bile, yellow bile, phelgm, and blood
First to theorize a biological/psychological problem |
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Term
Middle Ages and Renaissance Views and Tx
(500-1700) |
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Definition
Demonology Returns
Rise of clergy, downplay of science
Excorcism reemerged as Tx
Rise of asylum and inhumane treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Asylums Reformed:
Philippe Pinel (France) and William Tuke (UK) advocated "moral treatment," which was humane and respectful Tx
Benjamin Rush, "Father of American Psychology" created the Restraint Chair which was aimed at changing blood flow, thus calming patients down
Dorthea Dix- The mentally ill are still people
At the end of the 1800s, funding declined and they went back to warehousing people |
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Term
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Definition
Two opposing perspectives emerged:
The Somatogenic Perspective- Abnormal functioning has physical causes, i.e. Syphillis cases
The Psychogenica Perspective: Abnormal functioning has psychological causes, Freud and Mesmer
These perspectives still exist today under different names. |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrotheraphy, Wrapping patients in wet sheets, continuous baths, hot boxes and lamps, insulin shock therapy (blood sugan drops, go into a coma, convulse, sweating a lot-wet shock, dry shock, full brain seizure), metrosal theraphy (Produced seizure)
Lobotomy: Cut axons to frontal cortex so there is no communication
-Led to vegitative state, or worse |
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Term
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Definition
Psychotropic medications discovered:
Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxolytics (antianxiety drugs) all accidentally discovered
Led to deinstitutionalization and a rise in outpatient care
Community mental health approach and prevention have helped |
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Term
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Definition
Marnaged Care Program: Insurance Company determines key care issues such as duration of therapy. They also push for medication as Tx instead.
Shift of control from therapist to insurance company |
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Term
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Definition
Mental Health Professional
(Ph.D.)
Deal with more severe population, in hospitlas, more engaged in research |
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Term
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Definition
Mental Health Professional
(Ph.D.)
Private practice |
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Term
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Definition
Mental Health Professional
(M.D.)
Medical doctor, psychosurgeries, medications |
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Term
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Definition
Mental Health Professional
(M.A.)
Best if liscensed with masters degree |
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Term
| Marriage and Family Therapist |
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Definition
Mental Health Professional
(M.A.)
Best if liscensed with masters degree |
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Term
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Definition
Mental Health Professional
(M.A.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic, Biological, Humanistic-existential, Behavioral, Cognitive, Sociocultural |
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Term
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Definition
Freud's Explanation of Personality:
-The unconscious mind is important in shaping our personality and determining our behavior
-Personality is guided by three forces:
-Id: guided by the pleasure principle
-Ego: guided by the reality principle
-Ego defense mechanisms protect
us from anxiety
-Superego: guided by morality
principle
-Conscience
-Declopmental Stages: Freud propsed that at each stage, new events and pressures require adjustment in the id, ego, and superego
If successful=personal growth
If unsuccessgul=fixation at an early stage leading to psychological abnormality |
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Term
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Definition
Therapy is aimed at seeking to uncover early life trauma
Techniques:
-Free association
-Therapist interpretation:
resistance, transference, dream
interpretation (minfest and latent
content), hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus is on understanding the biological basis of psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs, psychosurgery, ECT, relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
Emphasis is on observable behavior and learning
Several Forms of Conditioning:
-Operant Conditioning:rewards
-Modeling: i.e. Bandura's BoBo doll
-Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov |
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Term
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Definition
| Goal of Therapy is to replace problematic behavior with more acceptable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Maladaptive thinking is the cause of maladaptive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
People must be taught a new way of thinking
Beck's Cognitive Therapy: widely used in treating depression
Best current therapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
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Term
| Humanistic-Existential Model |
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Definition
Combination model that can incorporate spiritual views
Humanistic theory- basic need for unconditional positive regard (UPR)
-If UPR recieved, leads to unconditional self-regard
-If not, leads to "conditions of
worth"
Existential Theories- People are encouraged to accept personal responsibilities for their problems |
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Term
| Humantistic-Existential Tx |
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Definition
Humanistic:
-Carl Rogers' "client-centered" (aka "person-centered") therapy, in which the therapist provides UPR
Existential:
Goals are important, but there is an emphasis on client-therapist relationships |
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Term
| Sociocultural Theory and Tx |
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Definition
Family and Multicultural
Focus on family structure and communication, role of culture, role of social networks/support, societel conditions (Abnormality more common in lower classes, why?), societal labels and roles (Diagnostic labels) |
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Term
| Intergration of the Models |
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Definition
Many theorists, clinicians, and practicioners adhere to a Biopsychosocial Model
Also popular is the Disthesis-stress approach |
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Term
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Definition
Diathesis: Predisposition
Environmental Stressors
Must have both to lead to a psychological disorder (Not always 50/50) |
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Term
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Definition
Research is the key to accuracy in all fields
Challenges:
Measuring unconscious motives, assessing private thoughts, monitoring mood changes |
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Term
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Definition
Cause and effect relationship
IV and DV
Avoid confounding variables and different conditions
Randomize and double-blind
Control!!! |
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Term
| Alternative Experimental Designs |
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Definition
Clinical Researchers often use:
-Quasi-experimental Designs:
-Correlations and trends
-Can't determine cause and effect
-Natural Experiments
-Analogue Experiments
-Recreating real world conditions in
a labratory
-Single-subject Experiments
No single approach overcomes all problems |
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Term
| Clinical Assessment Tools |
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Definition
Tools used depend on clinician's theoretical orientation
Three Categories: Clinical interviews, Tests, and Observation
Assessment tools must be:
-Standardized: consistant, uniform; basis for comparison
-Reliable: less subject to interpretation
-Valid: Measures/assesses what it's meant to |
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Term
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Definition
Conducting the interview:
Focus depends on theoretical orientation
Can either be structured or unstructured- open-ended questions (Psychoanalytic) |
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Term
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Definition
Unconscious thoughts are projected.
Rorschach Inkblot
Thematic Apperception Test (shown a pic)
Sentence Completion ("I wish____")
Drawings
-Draw-a-Person (DAP) Test:
-"Draw a person"
-"Draw another person of the
opposite sex" |
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Term
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Definition
Measure broad personality characteristics.
Focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings
Self-reported responses.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
-True or False test of 100 questions |
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Term
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Definition
Self-reported responses
Focus on one specifica area of functioning
-Affective Inventories (i.e. Beck
Depression Inventory)
-Social Skills Inventory
-Cognitive Inventories |
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Term
| Psychophysiological Tests |
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Definition
Measure physiological response as an indication of psychological problem.
Inludes heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature |
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Term
| Neurological and Neuropsychological Tests |
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Definition
Direct:
-i.e. EEG, PET Scans, CAT Scans, MRI,
fMRI
Indirect:
-Most widely used is the Bender
Visual-Motor Gestalt Test |
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Term
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Definition
Designed to measure intellectual ability
Assess both verbal and non-verbal skills
Most popular: Wechsler, Standford-Binet |
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Term
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Definition
Systematic Observation of Behavior
Several Kinds:
-Naturalistic
-Analog
-Self-monitoring |
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Term
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Definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition-TR)
Lists approximately 400 Disorders
People Can be Diagnosed with multiple disorders
Multiaxial:
-Uses five axes (branches of information) to develop a full clinical picture
-People usually recieve a diagnosis on either Axis I or Axis II, but may recieve diagnosis on both
*DSM-IV has greater reliability and validity than any previous editions, though is still subject to clinician's interpretation
*Labels have stigmas
*Rest of the world uses the ICD (International Code of Diagnosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Most frequently diagnosed disorders excluding (long-term) personality disorders and mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| Relevant general medical conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychosocial and environmental problems |
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Term
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Definition
Global assessment of psychological, social, and occupational functioning
GAF: 0-100 scale |
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Term
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Definition
Is therapy generally effective?
Research suggests that therapy is generally more effective than no Tx or placebo
Drug therapy combined with psychotherapy is often best Tx
People need to want to get better
1/3 Phenomenon:
-1/3 of people will get better no matter what
-1/3 of people will get better with therapy
-1/3 of people won't get better, even with therapy
Insurance/Access to medical care |
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Term
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Definition
Most common psychological disorders
18% of the population suffers each year |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
Characterized by vague, intense concerns, and fearfulness
-"Free-floating" Anxiety
-Affects women more often than men
(2:1)
Symptoms: Restlessness, easy fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, and or sleep disturbance
-Must have symptoms lasting for more
than six months
Different Perspectives:
-Sociocultural: GAD more likely when social conditions are truly dangerous
-A major societal stress is poverty
-Not everyone is affected
-Psychodynamic: People over use defense mechanisms (i.e. Repression) when faced with threat
-Psychodynamic therapies: free
association, therapist
interpretation
-Humanistic Perspective- GAD arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly
-Carl Rogers: Lack of UPR in
childhood leads to "Conditions of
Worth" (Harsh self-esteem)
-Therapy is client-centered
Cognitive: GAD is caused by maladaptive assumptions
-Those whose lives have been filled
with unpredictable negative events
are more likely to have exaggerated
expectations of threat.
-Meta-worry: worried about worrying
too much
-Intolerance of Uncertainty Theory:
Some people have trouble accepting
the uncertain b/c of personality/
genes
-Therapy:
-Ellis' Rational-Emotive Therapy
(RET)
-Confronting people with their
thoughts
-Beck's Cognitive Therapy
-New-wave Cognitive Therapies
-i.e. Mindfullness
-Biological Perspective
-GABA Inactivity
-1950s: Benzodiazephines (valium,
Xanax) found to reduce anxiety
-These drugs increase GABA activity
-GABA is an inhibitory NT
-Antidepressants
-Relaxation training and biofeedback
-Blood relatives more likely to have GAD (15%) compared to general population (41%).
-The closer the relative, the greater likelihood
-Issue of shared environment |
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Term
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Definition
Persistant and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations
How do phobias differ from "normal" fears?
-More intense, greater desire to avoid the feared
object or situation, distress which interferes with
functioning.
Common in our society:
-14% develop a phobia at some point
-Twice as common in women (social structure)
Most phobias are "specific"
Two broader kinds:
-Social Phobia:
-Severe and unreasonable fears of social or
performance situations
-May be narrow: talking, performing, or
eating in public
-May be broad: general fear of
functioning inadequately in front of
others
-Agoraphobia: Afraid to leave the house basically
What causes phobias?
-Evidence to support the behavioral explanation:
-Phobias develop through learning
-Conditioning (i.e. Little Albert)
-Modeling
-Phobias are maintained through avoidance
-Fears intensify over time
-An evolutionary explanation:
-We have a biological predisposition to
develop certain fears like snakes or heights
How are Phobias Treated?
-Behavioral techniques (Exposure Tx) are most widely used, especially for specific phobias
-Systematic Desensitization: Slowly introduce
people to fear
-Flooding: Intense moment of facing fear, can be
just mentally
-Modeling: Demonstrating more normal behaviors
Tx for Social Phobias:
-Medication: antidepressants and antianxiety drugs
-Therapy:
-Exposure therapy: introducing patient to social
situations and showing them its okay
-Cognitive Therapy (RET): Pointing out their
irrational thoughts then correct and replace
them (Ellis)
-Social Skills training: help boost confidence and show them what's socially acceptable. |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by Panic Attacks, often accompanied by agoraphobia.
Sometimes they're so afraid of having a panic attack it causes distress, and hence a disorder.
A panic attack in public is embarrassing, it can lead to people staying home to avoid attacks
A panic attack can happen to anyone, but normally only a few.
The Biological Perspective:
-Drug therapies:
-Antidepressants tat increase norepinephrine
activity are very effective
-Benzodiazephines
-Can start to be abused to the point of
psychological dependence, and should thus be
used sparingly!
The Cognitive Perspective:
-Panic disorder occurs in people who misinterpret
bodily events (i.e. Hyperventilation, heart
"palpitations")
-Cognitive Tx is aimed at changing such
misinterpretations
-85% of people free of panic!!!
-EMDR: Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing
-Memory becomes less emotional
-Cognitive-Behavioral Tx
-Forget what's normal and abnormal,
too sensitive to self
-Aims to show them what's normal and
fix thinking |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
Two Components:
-Obsessions: Thoughts that are reoccurring and
increase anxiety
-Compulsions: Behaviors that are done to relieve
anxiety
People with OCD are not able to live the life they wish they could.
Features of Obsession:
-Take Various Forms:
-Wishes, impulses, images, ideas, doubts
-Have Common themes:
-Dirt/Contamination, violence/aggression,
orderliness, Religion, Sexuality, Perfectionism
(Pure, Harsh/high Standards)
The Psychodynamic Perspective
-Fixation in anal stage
-Therapies:
-Goals are to uncover and overcome underlying
ego conflicts and defenses
-Techniques: Free association and
interpretation
The Behavioral Perspective:
-Learning by chance
-People happen upon compulsions randomly
The Cognitive Perspective:
-"Cognitive-Behavioral" Model
-Overreacting to unwanted thoughts
-Compulsions are effort to neutralize thoughts
-If everyone has intrusive thoughts, why do only
some people develop OCD?
-People with OCD:
-Are more depressed than others
-Have higher standards or morality and
conduct
-Believe that they can and should have
perfect control over their thoughts and
behavior
Tx:
-40% seek therapy
-Not always logical, doesn't always make sense what the obsessions are
-Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy:
-Habituation training: Mental training
-Exposure and Response Prevention: 55-85% of
clients improve
-Medication: SSRIs like Prozac which boost serotonin
activity
-Best is combination |
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Term
| Psychological Stress Disorders |
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Definition
Triggered by a psychologically traumatic event
-Acute Stress Disorder: Symptoms begin within four weeks of event and last for less than one month
-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Symptoms can begin at anytime following the event, but must last for longer than one month.
-Symptoms:
-Reexperiencing the event: Frequently feeling it all
over again
-Avoidance: Of a lot of things or of a few specific
things that really remind them of the event, or
even avoiding people
-Reduced Responsiveness: Numb, shut down
-Increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt
-Co-morbid depression or substance abuse
Some events, including combat, disasters, abuse, torture, and victimization are more likely to cause disorders than others.
Why do People Develop a Psychological Stress Disorder?
-Biological and Genetic Factors:
-Traumatic events trigger physical changes in the
brain and body that may lead to severe stress
reactions
-Possibly abnormal NT and hormone activity
(especially norepinephrine and cortisol-the
major stress hormone)
-There may be a biological/genetic
predisposition to such reactions
-Sympathetic Nervous System-fight/flight
It is also common for people with PTSD to have panic disorder, which also involves same hormones and NTs.
Tx for Stress Disorders:
-Drug therapy: antianxiety and antidepressant drugs, which help with co-morbid symptoms
-Behavioral Exposure Therapy:
-Use flooding and relaxation training
-Use EMDR
-Insight Therapy (eclectic):
-Bring out feelings, create acceptance, lessen
guilt
-Often use family or group therapy formats
-Community Support:
-Psychological Debriefing |
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Term
| Traditional Psychophysiological Disorders |
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Definition
Before the 1970s, the best known and most common were ulcers, asthma, insomnia, chronic headaches, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease.
Recent research has shown that many other physical illnesses may be causes by an interaction on psychosocial and physical factors, like Type II Diabetes and Cancer
Power of Positive Thinking! |
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