Term
|
Definition
-odd eccentirc
-paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
-pervasive/ unjustified
-few meaningful realtionships
-volatile, tense
-sensitive to criticism
-CLUSTER A
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dramaric, emotional, erratic
-Antisocial, borderline, histronic, narcissistic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-overly dramatic, sensational, sexually provoative, implusive, attention seeking, apperance focused, impressionistic, vague, superficial speech
-more common in females
-CLUSTER B
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nocompliance with social norms
-"social predators"
-violate rights of others
-irresponsible
-inmplusive
-deceitful
-lack conscience, empathy and remorse
-CLUSTER B
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self importance
-require atention
-lack of sensitivity and compassion
-sensitve to criticism
-Envious
-Arrogant
-CLUSTER B
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-instability CLUSTER B
-labile, intense moods
-turbulent relationships
-implusivity -fear of abandonment
-very poor self image
-self mutilation
-suicidal gestures
-combormid with depression, suicide, bipolar, substance abuse , eating disorders
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fearful/ anxious
-avoidant, dependent, obsessive-complusive
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CLUSTER C
-extreme sensivity to opinions
-avoid most reaktionships
-interpersonally anxious
-fearful of rejection
-Early parental rejection
-Interpersonal isolation and conflict
-treatment: similar to social phobia, increase social skills, reduce anxiety
|
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Rely on others for major and minor decisions
-unreasonable fear of abondoment
-Clingy
-Submissive
-Timid
-Passive
-Feelings of inadequacy
-sensitive to criticism, high need for reassurance
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CLUSTER C
-fixation on doing things "the right way"
-rigid, perfectionistc
-orderly, preoccupied with details, poor interpersonal relationships
-obessions and complusions are rare
|
|
|
Term
Personality Disorders
(how do we differentiate abnormal personality from normal)
|
|
Definition
-when extreme traits casue distress
-long standing pervasive, inflexible patterns of behavior
-not consistent with cultural expectations
-casue emtional distress
-3 clusters
-high comorbidity with axis 1 disoders, poorer prognosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fidgets, difficultly playing with others, on the go, talks excessively, blruts out answers
-onset is early childhood
-There must be clinically significant impairment in academic, social, or occupational functioning
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Academic impairment: learning disabilities, much slower work, more likely to drop out of school/expelled
-Social and emotional: more likely to be ignored, fewer friends, low self-esteem
Adaptive: Overall impairment: less mature, family stress, more accidents
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Academic: lower GPA, drop out rates high
-Social: fewer friends, depression
Occupational: more likely to be fired or switch jobs
Adaptive: more traffic accidents, less healthy, elevated rates of substance abuse
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-performance below expected levels, IQ, education, age
-Actual vs expected achievement is critical aspect
-cannot be due to sensory deficits
-involves reading, math, or writing disorder
-higher drop out rates, negative school experience
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
social impairments, more verbal than autism
-more common than we think, more boys than girls
-no severe delays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
repeated vocal patterns
-normal during age 6-9 months
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ritualistic behaviors
-goes with autism
|
|
|
Term
-3 classes of Cognitive Disorders
1. Delirium
|
|
Definition
-often leads to temporary confusion and disorientation
Global impairments
-consciousness
-cognition
-develop rapidly
-several hours
-days
-emaples: confusion, disorientation, attention, memory, and language deficits
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-10-30% in actue care (ER)
-Highest Prevelance: Older adults, AIDS patients, medical Patients
-Full recovery=several weeks
-develops rapidly
|
|
|
Term
Treatment and Prevention of Delirium
|
|
Definition
-treat underlying medical problems
-Psychosocial interventions: education, reassurances, coping strategies
Prevention: proper medical care and medication |
|
|
Term
Conditions Related to Delirium
|
|
Definition
-drug intoxication
-medications
-Illicit drugs (MDMA)
-Posions
-Withdraw from drugs
-Fever, INfections, head injury, sleep deprivation, immobility, excessive stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Degenerative condition with pervasive cognitive deterioration
-Gradual deterioraton of brian functions
-Affects multiple domains, Judgement, memory, language
-Advanced cognitive processes
-More gradual than dilirum
-may or may not be reverislbe
|
|
|
Term
Progressive Dementias: Initial Stages
Agnosia
|
|
Definition
-memory impariments
- inability to recognize things
-Facil agnois
-delusions
-depression
-agitation
-arrgession
-apathy
|
|
|
Term
Progression of Dementia: Later Stages
|
|
Definition
-contiuned cognitive decline
-assistnace with activities of daily living
death=inactivity+other ilness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20-40% over the age of 85
-rate doubble with every 5 years of age
-Alzheimer's in centneairans=100%?
-women>men
-longer lifespan
-slowing progression
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-early intervention is crucial
-three areas: prevention, delaying, management
-focus on slowing progession
-antioxidants: vitamin E, asprins
-all meds are only efectively for short periods
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Alzheimer's type
-Vascular
-Substance induced
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements,[2] despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements. It is a disorder of motor planning
-It is caused by damage to specific areas of the cerebrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when damage to the brain causes a patient to lose the ability to read.[
-reading disability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-examines relationship between psychologial behavior and health/illness
-Focus is on wellness and prevention of illness
- many causes of death are related to behavior and lifestyle, rather than infection
-how do we get people to engage in healthy behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-compensatory behaviors: purging, excessive exrcise, fasting
-Episodes 2x/week for 3 months
-self esteem, determined by weight and body shape
-involves fear of gaining weight |
|
|
Term
Medical Consequences for Anorexia
|
|
Definition
•Amenorrhea
•Dry skin
•Brittle hair and nails
•Sensitivity to cold temps
•Lanugo – downy hair on limbs
•Cardiovascular problems
•Electrolyte imbalance
|
|
|
Term
Medical consequences of B.N
|
|
Definition
-seizures
-kidney faliure
-fuck up your teeth
comorbity with anxiety, mood disorders(50-70%), substance abuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Overly successful weight loss
-15% below expected weight
-intense fears: gaining weight, losing control of eating
-Relenteless pursuit of thinness
-Often begins with dieting
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-B.N clinical depression
-vomiting, laxative abuse
-most within 10% of normal weight
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Food Binges
-No compensatory behaviors
-Experimental diagnostic category
-Many are obese, Older, more psychopathy
-concerned about shape and weight
|
|
|
Term
| Difference between B.N and Binge Eating |
|
Definition
-binge eating:No compensatory behaviors
-B.N: compensatory behaviors |
|
|
Term
Sleep Disorders
1. Dyssomnias
|
|
Definition
-Quantity
-Quality
-Sleep Onset
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Dyssomnias
-sleeping too much, excessive sleepiness, causes problems in life
--39% of a family history, asscoiated with exposure to viral infections, mono, and influenza |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- daytime sleepiness
=cataplexy-cataplexic attacks
-REM sleep
-triggered by strong emotion
-sleep paralysis
-hypnagogic hallucinations
-typically improves overtime
-daytime sleepiness persists without treatment
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Abnormal events during sleep or transition between sleep and waking
- types REM and NREM
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-PARA
--REM sleep
-INvolves dreams: distressing and disturbing
disrupt sleep cause awakening, interfer with functioning
-more common in children
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-PARA
-Non REM sleep
-more common in children
-piercing scream
-signs of elevated arousal like sweating
-person looks upset
-difficult to awaken
-little memory of the event
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-PARA
-Somnambulism, non rem sleep
-usually during first few hours
-person must leave bed
-usually resolves on its own
- related condition: nocturnal eating syndrome- person eats while asleep
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- feels trapped in the body of the wrong sex
-assumes identity of the desired sex
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- biological
-in vitro exposure: higher levels of testosterone or estrogen
-gender identity: 18-36 months of age
-parental reinfrocement
-gender nonconformity: may be reinforced by mother
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sex reassignment
-required 1-2 years in opposite sex role
-hormone therapy
-finally surguery, which is more difficult in biological females
-75% satisfied
-better adjustment female-to-male
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Professional responsibilty to inform those in danger
-right to confidentiality
-Tarasoff vs Regents to the University of California: therapist knew of danger, did not warn
-threat must be specific
-consultation is imperative
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-decrease engagment in activities that maitain or increase dpression
-increase engagement in adaptive activities
-solve problems that limit acces to reward or that maintain abersive controls
-all contribute to major goal of threapy; recovery and protection
|
|
|
Term
Behvioral activation (BA)
|
|
Definition
-increased acitivation, more rewarding life, fewer problems
-goal: recovery and protection from depression **
-theory is based on functional analysis
(establish function of a behavior: identify motivation, trigger, behavior and consequence
-encourgages engagment with life/directed towards specific symptoms
best with problems that are not pervasive (better for axis 1 )
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Establish and follow agenda
Nurtures Activation
Learns together
Is non judgmental (same level with t and c )
Validates
Encourages
Naturally expresses warmth
|
|
|
Term
During each BA session contiuned
|
|
Definition
-monitor depression
-set collaborative agenda
-follow agenda
-check in about the time since last session
-review and assign homework
-orient client and ask for feedback on how client felt session went
|
|
|
Term
Overall goal of BA treatment
|
|
Definition
Antidepressant/UP Activities
(specific behaviors increase)
depressant/down
(specific behaviors to decrease)
|
|
|
Term
A common challenge during BA tx
(Rumination)
|
|
Definition
R: mental activity, repetitve, concontrollable thoughts, distressing to the person
to decrease R: discuss and explore consequences of ruminating
problme solving instead
direct attention to sensations currently present in the body
-distract-engage in something mentally of physically active (working out, something social )
|
|
|
Term
decreasing the likelihood of depression relapse in context of BA
|
|
Definition
review things the client has learned during therapy
-◦What situations in client’s life tend to increase depression?
◦What specific behaviors contribute to keeping the depression cycle going?
◦What antidepressant behaviors need to be maintained or increased to stave off depression?
◦What will increase the chances of following through with antidepressant behaviors?
|
|
|
Term
Efficacy of BA in treating depression
|
|
Definition
RCT have shown strong effect of BA should be considered a good treatment for medication
has been found to be more efefctive than Cognitive therapy
-has been found to be as effective as antidepressant medication
|
|
|
Term
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
|
|
Definition
-developed by Marsha LInehan
-treatment designed for para-suicidal behavior(suicidal behavior tha t probably wont end in death), also treatment for drug abuse and dissoviative disorders
-involves indivual therapy combined with DBT skills training in a group
-patients are thought how to better regulate their emotions
-problem solving is emphasized
-practice skills learned in skills group
-in later stages DBT patients are taught to trust their own responses rather than depend on validation of others
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exposure and Response Prevention
-used to treat anxiety, OCD
-a therapeutic effect will occur when clients cconfront hteir fears
-Client identifies thier fears and rans them mildest to most sever
-therapist works with client to tackel the least frightening thing then more challenging
-client experiences habituation on feared stimulus
-client also practices a fear-incompatiable behavroal response to the stimulus
|
|
|
Term
Efficacy of ERP in treating OCD
|
|
Definition
-typically causes some short term anxiety, but facillitates long term reduction in both obsessive and compulsive behaviors
-in order for it to work client must refrain from escape response and is to be maintained at all times and not just during practice sessions, they have to practice at home |
|
|
Term
cognitive Behavioral Therapy
|
|
Definition
-addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladptive behavior and cognitive processes, goal oriented, explicit systematic procedures, created by Beck
-attempts to change a person's behavior by modifying self-statementsand construal of eventes, automatic thoughts(identify and replace*)
-based on the assumption that problems like depression result from clients illogical thinking about themselves/world around them
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-focuses on examining relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
-by exploring patterns of thinking that lead to self destructive actions and belifes that direct these thoughts, people can modify their patterns of thinking to improve coping
-can be applied to many people
-focus on here and now/, not past issues sessions are highly structured/limited # of sessions
-directive, guiding role of therapist
-therapsit must be problem focued and goal oriented
-it is an active intervention so homework and practice outside of sessions
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-effective in treating anxiety/ bulimia
-debate about wheter cognitve change is the "active ingredient"in cognitve therapy
-it may be the behavioral component that is responisble for effectiveness of therapy
-most effective in addition to medication for serious disorders, like bipolar
|
|
|
Term
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
|
|
Definition
-combines CBT and mindfulness practices
-designed to help people who suffer repeated bouts of depression and chronic unhappiness
-focus on becoming aware of all of one's thoughts and feelings and accepting them, but not automatically reacting to them
-Theory states that when people with a history of major depression experience life stress or distress, they can often return to automatic cognitve processes that are likely to lead to another depressive episode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-goal is to interrupt automatice processes that lead to distress and teach clients to focus less on reacting to incoming stimuli but instead accept and observe without being judgemental
-MBCT prioritizes learning how to concentrate with purpose and be in the moment
-clients are taught to recognize that holding onto certain cognitions and emotions can be ineffective and mentally destructive
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Civil Commitment laws:
-legal declaration of mental illness -involuntary commitment
-involuntary treatment/person: mentally ill & needs treatment
-dangerous to self or others
-gravely disabled
-inability to care for self
|
|
|
Term
Civil Commitment
(defining mental illness)
|
|
Definition
legal concept
-severe emotional or thought disturbances
-definitions vary by state
-often exclude: mental retradation/ substance related disorders
-not synonymous with psychological disorder
-subjective/flexible
-dangerous to self or others *central to commintment proceedings
-specific symptoms raise risk: hallucinations/delusions/personality disorders
-gender and ethnic biases
|
|
|
Term
Civil Commitment
(defining mental illness) |
|
Definition
legal concept
-severe emotional or thought disturbances
-definitions vary by state
-often exclude: mental retradation/ substance related disorders
-not synonymous with psychological disorder
-subjective/flexible
-dangerous to self or others *central to commintment proceedings
-specific symptoms raise risk: hallucinations/delusions/personality disorders
-gender and ethnic biases |
|
|
Term
Criminal Commitment
(nature of criminal commitment) |
|
Definition
- Accused of committing a crime
-detainment in mental health facility
-evalutaion
-fitness to stand trial
-findings: guilty or not guilty by reason of insanity |
|
|
Term
| The Insanity Defense Plea |
|
Definition
-a legal definition
-insanity at time of crime **
-treatment facility vs prison
-diagnosis of a disorder does not equal insanity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Professional responsibilty to inform those in danger
-right to confidentiality
-Tarasoff vs Regents to the University of California: therapist knew of danger, did not warn
-threat must be specific
-consultation is imperative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that people may inherit predispositions which is set off by the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-presentation of ambiguous stimuli
-projection of personality and the unconscious
-inkblot test
|
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis how DSM is used to be acurate |
|
Definition
|
[image]assume that abnormality can be detected and classified based on symptoms
-Gather detailed information (medical, psychiatric, family hx) for diagnosis. Then consult classification system (DSM IV) that contains criteria or characteristics of common disorders.
-[image]Each disorder or cluster of disorders may require a different treatment
-reliabillity/validity
|
|
|
Term
| Value of assessment depends on |
|
Definition
-reliablity: degree to which is consistent
-validity: does it test what its supposed to test
-standardization: consistency across different measurements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - violation of social norms and atypical behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -empahsizes individual worth and value of the individuals own perception of reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-uses learning methods to change abnormal behavior, thoughts, and feelings
-classical and operant conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - degree to which differences between groups are due to the independent variable versus something else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the degree to which results of a specific study can be generalized to other people, places, times, how generalizable is it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-situationally bound
-unexpected: no triggers out of the blue
situationally: more likely to occur in specific situations but not always |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immediate, present oriented
-sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-apprehensive, future-oriented
somatic sysmptoms: tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fear or situations/events
public places, not able to get help |
|
|
Term
| Genralized Anxiety Disorders |
|
Definition
-not attached to specific object
misinterpret events as threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extreme and irrational fear of specific object or situation
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extreme and irrational fear/shyness
-focused on social/performance situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-means body
-preoccupation with health or apperance
-physical compalaitns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anxiety of having a disease when you actually don't
-focus on bodily symptoms
-little benefit from medical reassurance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long history of phyiscal complaints without cause
-results in unneeded procedures, abuse of medications
-preoccupation with symptoms not the disease
-unexplained symptoms
-elicit negative feelings from physicians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anxiety converted into physical symptoms
-paralysis of limbs, loss or change in physical functioning, can have imparied hearing/vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-intentionally produced symptoms
-faking something to get medication |
|
|
Term
| Factitious Disorder/Munchausen's |
|
Definition
-intentionally produced symptoms
-sick role? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-severe detachments
-impairments: indentity, memory, consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of sense of self in the world
-can forget who you are, change identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -loss of contact with reality and the world around you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-depressed mood nearly every day
-anhedonia
-weight changes, fatiuge
-no mania |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -intense, unfounded, emotional high, hyperactive, flight of ideas, irritablity, fast speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-persistent elevation in mood lasting one week
-inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, excess involvement in high risk activties
-hypomania: not as sever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
milder symptoms, chronic and persistent
-depressed mood for most of the day for more days than not
-may last 20-30 years
-poor appetite, insomnia, low engery/self esteem, poor concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-alternating major depressive and manic episodes
-must be history fo 1 or more manic episodes, 60-70% of manic episodes occur after of before depressive episode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-one or more depressive episodes, but has never experienced a manic or mixed episode, but has experienced hypomania
-alternating major depressive and hypomanic episodes |
|
|
Term
| prevalence of mood disorders |
|
Definition
| - adolescents similar to adults close to same prevalence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-presence of hallucinations and delusions, also disorganized speech and behavior
-delusions are strong, unusual, flase beliefs
-persecution, grandeur, control, romance
-hallucinations get worse with isolation, tend to not have them when engaged in activty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-absence or insuffiency of normal behavior
-flat affect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-erratic behaviors that affect many domains
-disorganized speech, cognitive slippage
-inappropriate affect
-unusual behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-delusions and hallucinations/persecution
-intact cognitive skills/affect
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-marked disruptions, speech,behavior
-flat or inappropriate affect
-fragmented, chronic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-unusual motor responses
odd mannerisms, echolalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not fit into other subtypes, major symptoms, fails to meet criteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one or more past episodes
no major symptoms
negative, bizarre beliefs, social withdrawl
-inactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -little or no interest in sexual activty |
|
|
