Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Abnormal Psychology Final
n/a
200
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/20/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Personality disorder
Definition
mental disorders involving dysfunctional personality traits and associated problems such as relationship disturbances and impulsive behavior
Term
Paranoid personality disorder
Definition
personality disorder marked by general distrust and suspiciousness of others
Term
schizoid personality disorder
Definition
Personality disorder marked by social isolation and restricted emotional expression
Term
What are the three main clusters of personality disorders?
Definition
-odd/eccentric group
-dramatic/erratic/emotional group
-anxious/fearful group
Term
What personality disorders are included in the anxious/fearful cluster?
Definition
avoidant, dependent and obsessive compulsive personality disorders
Term
What personality disorders are included in the dramatic/erratic/emotional group?
Definition
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders
Term
What 3 personality disorders are included in the odd/eccentric group?
Definition
paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
Term
Schizotypal personality disorder
Definition
personality disorder marked by social anxiety, paranoid fears, and eccentric behavior, perceptions and thoughts
Term
What percent of the population gets a personality disorder?
Definition
9 to 15.7 percent
Term
What percent of the general population gets odd or eccentric personality disorders?
Definition
2.1 percent
Term
Antisocial personality disorder
Definition
personality disorder marked by extreme, disregard for and violation of the rights of others and impulsive behavior
Term
What is often a predecessor of antisocial personality disorder?
Definition
conduct disorder
Term
What is conduct disorder?
Definition
aggression toward people and animals, property destruction, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of laws and rules.
Term
Psychopathy
Definition
diagnostic construct related to antisocial personality disorder; psychopathy focuses on problematic interpersonal styles such as arrogance, lack of empathy and manipulativeness
Term
Borderline personality disorder
Definition
personality disorder marked by impulsivity, difficulty controlling emotions, and self-mutilation or suicidal behavior
Term
histrionic personality disorder
Definition
Personality disorder marked by excessive need for attention, superficial and fleeting emotions and impulsivity
Term
narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
personality disorder marked by grandiosity, arrogance, and a tendency to exploit others
Term
What is the percentage of dramatic personality disorder in the general population?
Definition
5.5 percent
Term
Who is more likely to have antisocial personality disorder, men or women?
Definition
men
Term
Who is more likely to have borderline personality disorder, men or women?
Definition
women
Term
Histrionic personality disorder is more common among men or women?
Definition
women
Term
Narcissistic personality disorder is more common among men or women?
Definition
men
Term
True or false: Dramatic personality disorders are not highly co morbid with psychological problems and other mental disorders.
Definition
false. dramatic personality disorders are highly comorbid with psychological problems and other mental disorders
Term
Avoidant personality disorder
Definition
personality disorder marked by anxiousness and feelings of inadequacy and socially ineptness
Term
Dependent personality disorder
Definition
Personality disorder marked by extreme submissiveness and a strong need to be liked and be taken care of by others
Term
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Definition
Personality disorder marked by rigidity, perfectionism and strong need for control
Term
Informant Report
Definition
Assessment methodology where individuals who know a person well complete ratings of his personality traits and behavior
Term
dialectical behavior therapy
Definition
cognitive-behavioral treatment for suicidal behavior and related features of borderline personality disorder
Term
Psychotic disorders
Definition
a class of mental disorder marked by schizophrenia and related problems
Term
Flat affect
Definition
lack of variety in emotional expression and speech
Term
Inappropriate affect
Definition
emotion not appropriate for a given situation
Term
Delusions
Definition
irrational beliefs involving a misinterpretation of perceptions or life experiences
Term
Hallucinations
Definition
sensory experiences a person believes to be true when actually they are not
Term
catatonic stupor
Definition
tendency to remain in a fixed stuperous state for long periods
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
a psychotic disorder marked by positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms such as flat affect, and withdrawal, and disorganized behavior
Term
Positive symptoms
Definition
symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations that are obvious and excessive
Term
Negative symptoms
Definition
symptoms such as flat affect and alogia that represent significant deficits in behavior.
Term
Disorganized speech
Definition
disconnected, fragmented, interrupted, jumbled and/or tangential speech
Term
Catatonic behavior
Definition
unusual motor behaviors in people with schizophrenia
Term
Flat affect
Definition
lack of variety in emotional expression and speech
Term
Alogia
Definition
speaking very little to other people
Term
Avolition
Definition
an inability or unwillingness to engage in goal-directed activities
Term
Anhedonia
Definition
lack of pleasure or interest in life activities
Term
Prodromal phase
Definition
an initial phase of schizophrenia marked by peculiar thoughts and behaviors but without active psychotic features
Term
Psychotic pre-phase
Definition
a phase of schizophrenia between the prodromal and active phases involving the onset of the first positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Term
Active phase
Definition
a phase of schizophrenia marked by full-blown psychotic features such as delusions and hallucinations
Term
Residual phase
Definition
a phase of schizophrenia usually after the active phase involving peculiar thoughts and behaviors similar to the prodromal phase
Term
Paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
a subtype of schizophrenia marked by persecutory or grandiose delusions, auditory hallucinations, and good cognitive functioning
Term
Disorganized schizophrenia
Definition
a subtype of schizophrenia marked by odd or fragmented speech, behavior, and emotions
Term
Catatonic schizophrenia
Definition
a subtype of schizophrenia marked by abnormal motor symptoms
Term
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
Definition
a subtype of schizophrenia marked by a mixture of symptoms that do not clearly match other subtypes
Term
Residual Schizophrenia
Definition
a subtype of schizophrenia marked by negative symptoms and odd, withdrawn behavior
Term
Psychotic dimension
Definition
a dimension that organizes people with schizophrenia by the degree to which they experience delusions and hallucinations
Term
Disorganized dimension
Definition
a dimension that organizes people with schizophrenia by the degree to which they experience fragmented speech, odd behavior, and inappropriate affect
Term
Negative dimension
Definition
a dimension that organizes people with schizophrenia by the degree to which they experience deficit behaviors such as flat affect and alogia
Term
Schizophreniform disorder
Definition
a psychotic disorder marked by symptoms of schizophrenia that last one to six months and do not greatly interfere with daily life functioning
Term
Schizoaffective disorder
Definition
a psychotic disorder marked by symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder
Term
Delusional disorder
Definition
a psychotic disorder marked by one or more delusions without other features of schizophrenia
Term
Brief psychotic disorder
Definition
a psychotic disorder marked by features of schizophrenia lasting one day to one month
Term
postpartum psychosis
Definition
a mental condition marked by psychotic symptoms in a mother following the birth of her child
Term
Shared psychotic disorder
Definition
a delusion that develops in people because of their close relationship with another person who also has a delusion
Term
Hypoxic Ischemia
Definition
Low blood flow and oxygen to the brain
Term
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
Definition
a general etiological model for psychotic disorders that assumes early changes in key brain areas and gradual progression over the life span to full-blown symptoms
Term
Theory of mind
Definition
an understanding of the thoughts and beliefs of others
Term
Typical antipsychotics
Definition
a class of older drugs to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorder primarily by reducing excess levels of dopamine in the brain
Term
Atypical antipsychotics
Definition
a newer class of drugs to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
Term
Extrapyramidal effects
Definition
a group of side effects from antipsychotic medication involving involuntary movements of different parts of the body
Term
Milieu therapy
Definition
an inpatient treatment approach involving professionals and staff member encouraging a person with a severe mental disorder to engage in pro-social and therapeutic activities
Term
Token economy
Definition
an operant conditioning system in which desired behaviors are promoted through reinforcements
Term
Body Dissatisfaction
Definition
Negative self-evaluation of what one's body looks like
Term
Weight concerns
Definition
a focus on, and often negative evaluation of one's weight
Term
Eating disorder
Definition
a class of mental disorder involving severe body dissatisfaction, weight concerns, and eating problems as well as significant distress, excessive limits on activities, or increased risk for medical problems
Term
Eating problems
Definition
restricting eating or excessive dieting as well as a lack of control over eating
Term
Restricted eating/ dieting
Definition
deliberate attempts to limit quantity of food intake or change types of foods that are eaten
Term
lack of control over eating
Definition
a feeling of poor control when eating such that excessive quantities of food are consumed
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder marked by refusal to maintain a minimum, normal body weight, intense fear of gaining weight and disturbance in perception of body shape and weight
Term
restricting behaviors
Definition
eating less overall, avoiding foods with high calories, and engaging in excessive exercise
Term
purging
Definition
ridding oneself of food or bodily fluids by self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuretics
Term
Bulimia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder marked by binge eating, inappropriate methods to prevent weight gain, and self-evaluation greatly influenced by body shape and weight
Term
binge eating
Definition
eating an amount of food in a limited amount of time that is much larger than most people would eat in that circumstance
Term
compensatory behaviors
Definition
inappropriate behaviors to prevent weight gain
Term
binge eating disorder
Definition
an eating disorder marked by recurrent episodes pf binge eating but no compensatory behavior
Term
Endogenous opiods
Definition
chemicals produced by the body that reduce pain, enhance positive mood, and suppress appetite
Term
Electronic diaries
Definition
electronic devices for self monitoring
Term
Substance Use
Definition
a non-maladaptive use of alcohol or other drug
Term
Substance intoxication
Definition
a reversible condition triggered by excessive alcohol or other drug use
Term
Substance-related disorder
Definition
a class of mental disorders characterized by substance intoxication, abuse and dependence and withdrawal
Term
Substance abuse
Definition
repeated use of substances to the point that problems recur
Term
Substance dependence
Definition
a maladaptive pattern of substance use defined by tolerance and withdrawal
Term
Tolerance
Definition
the need to ingest greater amounts of a drug to achieve the same effect
Term
Substance withdrawal
Definition
maladaptive behavioral changes that result when a person stops using a particular drug
Term
Depressant
Definition
a class of drugs that inhibit the central nervous system
Term
Disinhibition
Definition
the state that occurs when alcohol inhibits key inhibitory systems of the brain
Term
Blood alcohol level
Definition
concentration of alcohol in the blood
Term
Lethal dose
Definition
dose of a substance that kills a certain percentage of test animals
Term
Cirrhosis of the liver
Definition
a severe medical condition where scar tissue in the liver replaces functional tissue
Term
Korsakoff's syndrome
Definition
a cognitive disorder marked by confusion, memory loss, and coordination problems
Term
fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
a condition caused by prenatal alcohol use that results in facial abnormalities and learning problems in children
Term
Stimulant
Definition
a class of drugs that activate the central nervous system
Term
Opiates
Definition
a class of drugs commonly used to relieve pain
Term
Marijuana
Definition
a drug produced from the hemp plant that contains THC
Term
Mesolimbic system
Definition
a reward-based area in the brain implicated in substance-related disorders
Term
Reward deficiency syndrome
Definition
the theory that some people may bot be able to derive much reward from everyday events and so resort to excesses such as drug use
Term
Stress-induced relapse
Definition
relapse to substance abuse following stress and a period of abstinence
Term
Codependency
Definition
dysfunctional behaviors that significant others of a person with substance-related disorder engage in to care for and cope with the person
Term
Proximal factors
Definition
causal factors that more directly affect a particular mental disorder
Term
Distal factors
Definition
casual factors that indirectly affect a particular mental disorder
Term
Screening interviews
Definition
a type of assessment that helps clinicians obtain information about recent and lifetime use of alcohol and other drugs
Term
Motivational interviewing
Definition
a type of interview for substance-related disorders that focuses on obtaining information and propelling a person to change behavior
Term
Agonists
Definition
medications to treat substance-related disorders that have a similar chemical compositions an addictive drug
Term
Cross-tolerance
Definition
tolerance for a drug one has never taken because of tolerance to another drug with a similar chemical composition
Term
Antagonists
Definition
medications to treat substance related disorders that block pleasurable effects and cravings for an addictive drug
Term
Partial agonists
Definition
medications to treat substance-related disorders
Term
Aversive drugs
Definition
medications to treat substance-related disorders that make ingestion of an addictive drug quite uncomfortable
Term
Detoxification
Definition
withdrawing a person from an addictive drug under medical supervision
Term
Rehabilitation
Definition
regarding substance-related disorders treatment involving complete abstinence, education about addictive drugs and their consequences and relapse prevention
Term
Skills training
Definition
a treatment for substance-related disorders involving functional analysis of drug use and skills to avoid or cope with high-risk situations
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
a behavioral assessment technique where a person observes and records his own behaviors, thoughts and emotions
Term
cue exposure therapy
Definition
exposure of a person to drug cues to help him control urges to use the drug
Term
contingency management
Definition
a behavioral treatment technique in which family members and friends reward appropriate behavior in an individual
Term
community reinforcement approach
Definition
encouraging a person to change environmental conditions to make them more reinforcing than drug use
Term
multidimensional family therapy
Definition
a family-based treatment approach for substance -related disorders that focuses on developing a strong parent-adolescent bond and correcting related problems
Term
self-help groups
Definition
an association of people who share a common problem such as a mental disorder that the group tries to address
Term
What constitutes a binge?
Definition
-Eating an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a 2 hour period
Term
What is the binge purge cycle?
Definition
-negative affect
-extreme dieting
-hunger
-negative affect
-binge(breaks diet)
-guilt, shame, worry
compensatory behaviors
Term
What are biological risk factors for an eating disorder?
Definition
-genes 1, 2 and 13
-lateral hypothalamus
-amygdala
-reduced serotonin
-dopamine
-endogenous opiods
Term
What is the role of self evaluation in eating disorders?
Definition
they evaluate themselves too much so they start this unhealthy behavior
Term
What are the biological treatments for an eating disorder?
Definition
-scheduled, supervised meals and snacks
-nasogastric tube
-nutritional supplements
-nutrition education
-ssris
-antipsychotics
-appetite suppressants
Term
What are the psychological treatments for an eating disorder?
Definition
-enlist family cooperation
-explore family eating patterns and attitudes
-reduce family conflict and expressed emotion
-family provides positive reinforcement
-self-monitoring
-psychoeducation
-regular weigh ins
-problems solving
-cognitive restructuring
-exposure
-relapse prevention
Term
What are psychological risk factors for an eating disorder?
Definition
-Body Mass{elevated adiposity}
-modeling of disturbed eating
-society pressure to be thin
-overvaluation of importance of appearance
-body dissatisfaction
-dieting
-negative affect
-bulimic pathology
-body image disturbance
-perfectionism
Term
What is fairburn's transdiagnostic treatment?
Definition
emphasizes the minimization of negative thoughts about body image and the act of eating, and attempts to alter negative and harmful behaviors that are involved in and perpetuate eating disorders
Term
What is intoxication?
Definition
-a reversible syndrome due to ingestion
-maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes that develop quickly
-not due to another medical or mental disorder
Term
What is abuse?
Definition
clinical impairment or distress due to ingestion of a substance without it being classified as dependence
Term
What is dependence?
Definition
Three or more of the following in a 12 month period:
-tolerance
-withdrawal
-larger amounts or over longer time
-persistent desire/unsuccessful efforts to cut down
-great deal of time spent obtaining, using or recovering
-valued activities are given up or reduced
-Use despite problems
Term
What is tolerance?
Definition
either
-a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect

or

-markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
Term
What is withdrawal?
Definition
-development of a substance specific syndrome due to stopping or reducing prolonged and heavy substance use
-causes distress
-not due to a medical condition or disorder
Term
What do stimulants do?
Definition
stimulate the central nervous system
Term
What do depressants do?
Definition
sedative drugs that inhibit the central nervous system
Term
What do opiates do?
Definition
Used to relieve pain or cough
Term
What do hallucinogens do?
Definition
Cause symptoms of psychosis
Term
What does cannabis do?
Definition
-feelings of joy, humor
-dreamlike state
-time distortions
-enhanced creativity
-paranoid thinking
-infertility
Term
What are four examples of stimulants?
Definition
-caffeine
-nicotine
-cocaine
-methamphetamine
Term
what are three side effects of mathamphetamine?
Definition
-a high that can last for hours
-addiction can happen after only a few doses
-meth mouth, anxiety, confusion, insomnia, and paranoia
Term
What is an example of a depressant?
Definition
alcohol
Term
What is are the possible side effects of alcoholism?
Definition
-cirrhosis of the liver
-korsakoff's syndrome
-fetal alcohol syndrome
Term
What are some examples of opiates?
Definition
-morphine
-codeine
-heroin
Term
What are some examples of hallucinogens?
Definition
-LSD
-Peyote
-MDMA/ecstasy
Term
What is habituation?
Definition
reduction of psychological or behavioral response occurring when a specific stimulus occurs repeatedly.
Term
What is the peak age of illicit drug use?
Definition
college years
Term
What are the biological treatments for substance use/dependence?
Definition
-agonists
-antagonists
-partial agonists
-aversives
Term
What are the psychological treatments for substance use/dependence?
Definition
-inpatient treatments
-brief interventions
-CBT
-Self-help groups
Term
What are the treatments for schizophrenia?
Definition
-antipsychotic medications
-transitional neuroleptics
-case management
-behavior therapy
-CBT
-family therapy
-vocational rehibilitation
Term
What are the different types of delusions?
Definition
-persecution
-grandeur
-reference
-being controlled
-broadcasting thoughts
-putting thoughts in your heads
-withdrawal
-capgras
Term
What is capgras?
Definition
someone you know has been substituted by a double
Term
What is withdrawal in terms of schizophrenia delusions?
Definition
someone took the thoughts away from the individual
Term
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Definition
more than the average person experiences
Term
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Definition
less than the average person experiences
Term
how do negative symptoms of schizophrenia differ from depressive symptoms?
Definition
depression is more hopelessness and schizophrenia wants it to be like this
Term
What are some examples of disorganized behavior?
Definition
-word salad, loose association, neologisms, perservations, clangings
-catatonia
-blunted affect
-lethargy
-apathy
-alogia
-anhedonia
Term
What are some environmental stressors known to bring on schizophrenia?
Definition
-urban born
-first born
-second generation
-prenatal exposure to flu, famine, -obstretic complications
-Central nervous system infection in childhood
-menopause
-cardiovascular disease
-nicotine dependence
Term
Is there a significant genetic link for schizophrenia?
Definition
yes
Term
What are the social/cultural factors related to schizophrenia?
Definition
-stressful life events
- family interactions> high expressed emotion
Term
What are the symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia?
Definition
-unusual motor symptoms
-catatoic stupor
-Catatonic excitability
-Catalepsy/waxy flexibility
-Echolalia
-Echopraxia
-Adopt a rigid posture that is difficult to change
Term
What is a catatonic stupor?
Definition
person may seem completely unaware of his/her surroundings
Term
What is catatonic excitability?
Definition
show wild or uncontrolled motor activity
Term
What are the symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia?
Definition
-speech patterns very disorganized
-may be unable to care for themselves and not engage in appropriate hygiene, dress or even eating
- inappropriate affect
-high aggitation
Term
neoloigsm?
Definition
repeat the same words over and over
Term
clang association
Definition
say words together because they rhyme
Term
tangentiality?
Definition
speak quite clearly stop without warning and then talk about completely different topic
Term
What are the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia?
Definition
-preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations with relatively intact cognitive function
-disorganized/catatonic behavior
-no disorganized speech
Term
What are the symptoms of unndifferentiated schizophrenia
Definition
characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia that do not meet the criteria for paranoid, disorganized or catatonic type
Term
What three factors leave a better prognosis regarding schizophrenia?
Definition
female, less brain abnormality and less cognitive impairments
Term
What four factors leave a worse prognosis regarding schizophrenia?
Definition
male, premorbid lower functioning, low educational achievement, and more negative symptoms
Term
True or False:
If treatment is not recieved during or soon after the prodromal phase the prognosis looks less than good for schizophrenia.
Definition
true
Term
What are the four stages of schizophrenia in order?
Definition
pre-morbid, prodromal, progressive, residual
Term
What is the pre-morbid stage?
Definition
peculiar behaviors and negative symptoms
Term
What is the prodromal stage?
Definition
first positive symptom such as a hallucination
Term
What is the progressive stage?
Definition
many positive and negative symptoms
Term
What is the residual stage?
Definition
low-grade symptoms similar to prodromal phase
Term
How is paranoid personality disorder characterized?
Definition
pervasive distrust and suspciousness of other people
Term
How is schizoid personality disorder characterized?
Definition
by a lack of social relationships and a lack of emotionality.
Term
How is schizotypal personality disorder characterized?
Definition
extreme discomfort around others, unusual or bizarre thinking and behavior, and strange perceptions.
Term
How is antisocial personality disorder characterized?
Definition
a pervasive disregard for the rights of other people. this pattern of behavior is evident both in childhood and adulthood.
Term
How is borderline personality disorder characterized?
Definition
marked instability in mood states, in interpersonal relationships, and in self-image. There are a number of impulsive behaviors that are typically associated with this disorder
Term
How is histrionic personality disorder characterized?
Definition
frequent attention seeking and dramatic emotional displays
Term
How is narcissistic personality disorder characterized?
Definition
characterized by grandiose behavior, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for and sensitivity to others.
Term
How is avoidant personality disorder characterized?
Definition
extreme social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and feelings of inadequacy
Term
How is dependent personality disorder characterized?
Definition
extreme reliance on others for almost all of one's needs, as well as extreme hesitancy to disagree with others or do anything that may result in rejection
Term
How is obsessive compulsive personality disorder characterized?
Definition
preoccupation with orderliness, structure, details and rules.
Term
What are the biological treatments of personality disorders?
Definition
-antidepressants
-antianxiety
-antipsychotic
Term
What are the psychological treatments for personality disorders?
Definition
-short term psychodynamic therapy
-CBT
-marital and family therapy
-dialectical behavior therapy
Term
What percent of the population has an anxious/fearful personality disorder?
Definition
2.3
Term
Anxious/fearful personality disorders are more common in men or women?
Definition
women
Term
What percent of the general population has dramatic personality disorders?
Definition
5.5
Term
True or false:
dramatic personality disorders are not highly comorbid with psychological problems and other mental disorders
Definition
false
Term
antisocial personality disorder is more common in men or women?
Definition
men
Term
borderline personality disorder is more common in men or women?
Definition
women
Term
narcissistic personality disorder is more common in men or women?
Definition
men
Term
What percent of the general population has odd/eccentric personality disorders?
Definition
2.1
Term
What are the five axis of the DSM IV?
Definition
1>clinical disorders
2>personality disorders
3>general medical conditions
4>psychosocial and environmental problems
5>Global assessment of functioning scale
Supporting users have an ad free experience!