Term
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Definition
| all-encompassing drive to be thin, highest mortality rate of any mental disorder, 20% die as result, 30% are suicides, young, white, females, upper-class socioeconomic status, socially competitive environment, find friends and support for the disorder, very successful in losing weight, put their lives in danger, morbid fear of gaining weight and losing control over food and eating, proud of their diets and extreme control, less common than bulimia, can go on to develop bulimia, punishing exercise is common, also engage in binge eating and purging, never satisfied with weight loss, DSM diagnostic criteria is 15% below body weight, marked disturbance in body image, amenorrhea or loss of menstruation, dry skin , brittle nails, intolerant to cold, lanugo hair growth, anxiety and mood disorders also often present like OCD, substance abuse, occasionally occurs in children under 11, can occur in later years, concerns with body image usually decrease with age, women prefer thinner bodies than even men prefer, drug treatment not effective, treatment goals are restore weight to low-normal, include family in treatment |
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Term
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Definition
can cause excessive sleepiness, breathing-related sleep disorder, difficulty breathing at night which makes them more sleepy during the day, short periods when breathing is stopped altogether for 10 to 30 seconds, person doesn't usually know they have breathing issues while sleeping, bed partner usually notices loud snoring, three types of sleep apnea:
obstructive sleep apnea-airflow stops despite continued activity by the respiratory system, snoring, obesity, most common in males
central sleep apnea-complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods and often is associated with certain nervous system disorders, wake up frequently during the night but don't report daytime sleepiness and are not aware of breathing difficulty, tend to not seek treatment
mixed sleep apnea-combination of both obstructive and central sleep apnea |
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Term
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Definition
| out-of-control eating episode, can occur in anorexia, bulimia, BED, and obesity |
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Term
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Definition
| people binge repeatedly and find it distressing but do not attempt to purge the food, greater likelihood of occurring in males than other eating disorders and later age of onset, greater likelihood of remission and a better response to treatment, often these people are found in weight control programs, associated with more severe obesity, half tried dieting first and half started with bingeing and then tried dieting, bingeing first people are more severely affected and have other disorders, have some of same concerns with shape and weight as anorexics and bulimics, |
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Term
| Breathing-Related sleep disorders |
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Definition
| problems with breathing while asleep that cause sleepiness during the day or disrupted sleep at night, experience brief arousals during the night and do not feel rested even after 8 or 9 hours of sleep, in hypoventilation breathing is constricted and labored, breathing may stop all together as in apnea, signs of breathing difficulty while asleep are heavy sweating, morning headaches, episodes of falling asleep during the day with no result of feeling rested |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the most common mental disorders on college campuses, binges are followed by self-induced vomiting, laxatives, or other attempts to purge the food, rates for bulimia are leveling off but rose dramatically from 70s to 80s, large amount of food eaten and a feeling of being out of control, most are within 10% of their normal body weight, salivary glands can enlarge and cause chubby face appearance, erode enamel in front teeth, erode esophagus, electrolyte imbalance, disrupted heartbeat, usually exists with additional mental disorders especially anxiety and mood disorders especially depression, depression usually follows bulimia, substance abuse is common, traits of emotional instability and novelty seeking, strongest predictors of persistent bulimia are history of childhood obesity and overemphasis on the importance of being thin, strongly related to development, dieting is risk factor, antidepressants for treatment, Prozac, CBT is best because it works the fastest |
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Term
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Definition
| a sudden loss of muscle tone that happens in people with narcolepsy, occurs while the person is awake and usually preceded by strong emotion like anger or happiness, results from sudden onset of REM sleep, can be treated with antidepressants because they suppress REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt is made to move bedtime and rising time later and later each day, around the clock, until the person is sleeping on a normal schedule, This treatment can be used by people with delayed sleep phase disorder who generally cannot reset their circadian rhythm by moving their bedtime and rising time earlier |
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Term
| Circadian rhythm sleep disorder |
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Definition
| difficulty in how our biological clocks adjust to change in time, characterized by disturbed sleep brought on by the brain's inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with current patterns of day and night, our biological clock is in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus, the light we see through our eyes helps with our biological clock setting, jet lag type, shift work type, people are more at risk for having one or more personality disorders, delayed sleep phase type, advanced sleep phase type, the hormone melatonin has to do with it, treatment includes phase delays which are moving bedtime later, which is easier for people than moving bedtime earlier, using a bright light called phototherapy, |
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Term
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Definition
| involve difficulties in getting enough sleep, problems with sleeping when you want to, complaints about the quality of sleep like not feeling rested the next day, |
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Term
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Definition
| problem with sleeping too much, many people who sleep all night still find themselves falling asleep several times a day, DSM diagnostic criteria include excessive sleepiness and subjective impression of the problem, clinician needs to rule out other reasons for sleepiness during the day |
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Term
| Hypnagogic hallucinations |
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Definition
| characteristic of narcolepsy that includes vivid and terrifying experiences that begin at the start of sleep and are realistic because they include sight, touch, hearing, and sensation of body movement, may help explain UFO experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| dyssomnia, one of the most common sleep disorders, trouble falling asleep at night, waking up too frequently or too early and can't go back to sleep, sleep a reasonable number of hours but are still not rested the next day, primary indicates the complaint is not related to other medical or psychiatric problems, overlaps with anxiety, more reported among women, chinese american have least problems, mexican american have most, sleep problems increase as people become adults, people with insomnia have higher body temperatures, |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that contributes to the setting of our biological clocks, tells us when to sleep, produced by pineal gland, dracula hormone because its production is stimulated by darkness and ceases in daylight |
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Term
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Definition
| dyssomnia, daytime sleepiness, people experience cataplexy which is a sudden loss of muscle tone, people report sleep paralysis and hypnogogic hallucinations, narcolepsy is rare, occurs equally in males and females, first seen during teenage years, |
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Term
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Definition
| parasomnia, occur during REM or dream sleep, experiences must be so distressful that they impair a person's ability to carry on normal activities for DSM diagnosis, nightmares can be distinguished from bad dreams by whether or not they wake you up as a result, defined as disturbing dreams that awaken the sleeper |
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Term
| Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep |
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Definition
| periods in sleep cycle when body may be active while the brain is less active, dreaming does not occur, sleepwalking or somnambulism occurs during NREM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by abnormal behavior or physiological events that occur during sleep, such as nightmares and sleepwalking, abnormal events that occur either during sleep or during that twilight time between sleeping and waking |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as paper, clay, metal, chalk, soil, glass, or sand.[1] According to DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition) criteria, for these actions to be considered pica, they must persist for more than one month at an age where eating such objects is considered developmentally inappropriate, not part of culturally sanctioned practice and sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention. There are different variations of pica, as it can be from a cultural tradition, acquired taste, or a neurological mechanism such as an iron deficiency or a chemical imbalance. It can lead to intoxication in children, which can result in an impairment in both physical and mental development.[2] In addition, it can also lead to surgical emergencies due to an intestinal obstruction as well as more subtle symptoms such as nutritional deficiencies and parasitosis.[2] Pica has been linked to mental disorders and they often have psychotic comorbidity. Stressors such as maternal deprivation, family issues, parental neglect, pregnancy, poverty, and a disorganized family structure are strongly linked to pica.[citation needed]
Pica is more commonly seen in women and children, and in areas of low socioeconomic status.[3] Particularly it is seen in pregnant women, small children, and those with developmental disabilities such as autism. Children eating painted plaster containing lead may suffer brain damage from lead poisoning. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways people attempt to compensate for binge eating and potential weight gain, happens in anorexia and bulimia, techniques include self-induced vomiting, using laxatives, diuretics, excessive exercise, |
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Term
| Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
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Definition
| limbic system is involved, dream sleep, related to depression, antidepressants suppress REM sleep, nightmares |
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Term
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Definition
| where sleep problems reappear, sometimes worse, may happen when sleep medication is withdrawn |
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Term
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Definition
Rumination disorder is an eating disorder in which a person -- usually an infant or young child -- brings back up and re-chews partially digested food that has already been swallowed. In most cases, the re-chewed food is then swallowed again; but occasionally, the person will spit it out.
To be considered a disorder, this behavior must occur in a person who had previously been eating normally, and it must occur on a regular basis -- usually daily -- for at least one month. The child may exhibit the behavior during feeding or right after eating. |
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Term
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Definition
involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control usually occurs. Nocturnal enuresis is considered primary (PNE) when a child has not yet had a prolonged period of being dry. Secondary nocturnal enuresis (SNE) is when a child or adult begins wetting again after having stayed dry.
Most bedwetting is a developmental delay—not an emotional problem or physical illness. Only a small percentage (5% to 10%) of bedwetting cases are caused by specific medical situations.[1] Bedwetting is frequently associated with a family history of the condition.[2]
Treatments range from behavioral-based options such as bedwetting alarms, to medication such as hormone replacement, and even surgery such as urethral enlargement. Since most bedwetting is simply a developmental delay, most treatment plans aim to protect or improve self-esteem.[1] Bedwetting children and adults can suffer emotional stress or psychological injury if they feel shamed by the condition. Treatment guidelines recommend that the physician counsel the parents, warning about psychological damage caused by pressure, shaming, or punishment for a condition children cannot control.[1]
Bedwetting is the most common childhood complaint.[3][4] Most girls stay dry by age six and most boys stay dry by age seven. By ten years old, 95% of children are dry at night. Studies place adult bedwetting rates at between 0.5% to 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in people with narcolepsy, a brief period after awakening when they can't move or speak that is often frightening to those who go through it, decrease in frequency over time, serves role in explaining UFO experiences, commonly occurs with anxiety disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep walking, parasomnia, occurs during NREM sleep, when people walk in their sleep they are not acting out a dream, occurs in first few hours of sleep, criteria for DSM diagnosis is person leave their bed, waking someone during an episode is difficult because they are in the deepest stages of sleep but it's not dangerous, primarily a problem in children, some factors are extreme fatigue, previous sleep deprivation, the use of hypnotic or sedative drugs, and stress, have been associated with violent behavior, genetic component |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of actual sleep time in a sleep period; equal to total sleep period less movement and awake time. Total sleep time is the total of all REMS and NREMS in a sleep period. |
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Term
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Definition
| stage(s) of sleep in which EEG delta waves are prevalent or predominant (sleep stages 3 and 4, respectively) |
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Term
| Nocturnal eating syndrome |
|
Definition
| when individuals rise from their beds and eat although they are still asleep, parasomnia, NREM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| group of minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats that appear after HIV infection but before development of full-blown AIDS, happens after several months to several years of no symptoms |
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Term
| Analgesic rebound headache |
|
Definition
| headache, more sever than the original one, that occurs after the medication used to treat it has worn off |
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Term
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Definition
| when fatty substance or plaque builds up inside arteries to form obstructions |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue rather than antigens as in rheumatoid arthritis |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel), endocrine (hormone), and digestive functions, includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates bodily systems while activity level is low, balances sympathetic nervous system activity |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity or to respond to stressors by increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles fro example |
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Term
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Definition
| interdisciplinary approach applying behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems, psychologists, physicians, and other health professionals work closely together to develop new treatments and preventative strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| use of physiological monitoring equipment to make individuals aware of their own bodily functions, such as blood pressure or brain waves, that they cannot normally access, with the purpose of controlling these functions, patients can learn to control many of these responses , used as treatment for physical disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| afflictions in the mechanisms, including the heart, blood vessels, and their controllers, responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues and organs, psychological factors play important roles in such diseases and their treatments |
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Term
| Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) |
|
Definition
| incapacitating exhaustion following only minimal exertion, accompanies by fever, headaches, muscle and joint pain, depression and anxiety, one of most common mental disorders in China, prevalent in the Western world, mostly women, begins in early adulthood, chronic course response to stress, no good drug treatment, treatment includes relaxation, breathing exercises, cognitive therapy, and stress-reduction procedures, increase activity, regulate periods of rest |
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Term
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Definition
| "lack of nerve strength", mid-19th century disease that had no physical cause and is similar to CFS |
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Term
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Definition
| Enduring pain that does not decrease over time, may occur in muscles, joints, and the lower back and may be caused by enlarged blood vessels or degenerating or cancerous tissue,social and psychological factors as well |
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Term
| Coronary heart disease (CHD) |
|
Definition
| blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle, a major cause of death in the Western culture, social and psychological factors involved, number one cause of death in Western cultures, chest pain called angina, ischemia is deficiency of blood to a body part caused by narrowing of arteries by too much plaque, we inherit a vulnerability to CHD, stress, anxiety and anger associated with it, |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones, includes cortisol, released by adrenal gland in response to stressors to activate and later to turn off the body's stress response, called stress hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| stress hormone secreted by adrenal gland in response to stress, corticosteroid, |
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Term
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Definition
| blood pressure level when the heart is at rest or between heartbeats, elevations are more worrisome in terms of risk of disease, the lower number on the bottom of the two, blood pressure is considered high when it is over 95, but cause for concern at 90 |
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Term
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Definition
| the pressure when the heart is pumping blood, the larger number on the top, considered high at 160 but cause for concern at 140 |
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Term
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Definition
| endogenous opioids, substances occurring naturally throughout the body that function like neurotransmitters to shut down pain sensation even in the presence of marked tissue damage, may contribute to mental problems such as eating disorders, how to brain stops pain, |
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Term
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Definition
| usually follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is treated, often within a month |
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Term
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Definition
| overt manifestations of pain including changing the position of how one is sitting or walking, complaining about pain to others, grimacing, avoiding activities, especially those involving work or leisure |
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Term
| Gate control theory of pain |
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Definition
| psychological and physical factors, nerve impulses from painful stimuli make their way to the spinal column and from there to the brain, the dorsal horns of the spinal column acts as a gate and may open and transmit sensations of pain if the stimulation is sufficiently intense, specific nerve fibers called small fibers or large fibers determine the pattern and intensity of the stimulation, small fibers open the gate and large fibers close the gate, brain sends signals back down the spinal cord that may affect the gating mechanism, some people think this theory is too simplistic, people with negative emotions experience pain more intensely |
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Term
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Definition
| has a sense of commitment, believes they are largely in control, views demands as challenges and opportunities, Kobasa |
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Term
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Definition
| comes from stretching of the arterial walls in the blood vessels serving the brain, tension headaches are most common kind and often result from the muscle tension of stress, personality is main component of stress headaches |
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Term
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Definition
| have strong biological causes, particularly common during stressful times |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| subfield of behavioral medicine that studies psychological factors important in health promotion and maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
| major risk factor for stroke and heart and kidney disease that is related to psychological factors, known as high blood pressure and the silent killer, 160/95 but 140/90 is cause for concern, risk for kidney disease, extremely serious medical condition, no physical cause, African Americans nearly twice as likely to get it as whites, runs in families, hostility and impatience are great risk factors |
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Term
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Definition
| casual factor for medical conditions, exercise, diet, smoking and other day-to-day activities that affect our health, we often know what to do but fail for psychological reasons, |
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Term
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Definition
| death of heart tissue when its blood supply artery is blocked by pack or blood clot |
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Term
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Definition
| physical predisposition or diathesis in medical condition, physical abnormalities or dysfunctions |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of pain in a limb that is absent because of amputation, this suggests pain is not entirely a physical experience |
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Term
| Progressive muscle relaxation |
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Definition
| set of exercises to teach people to become aware of and actively counteract muscle tension to induce relaxation or drowsiness |
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Term
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Definition
| the origin of physical or psychological states, normal or abnormal, out of the interplay of conscious and unconscious psychological forces,the origin of symptoms as a result of emotional causes |
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Term
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Definition
| what the field was previously called, the study of how psychological and social factors affect physical disorders, means psychological factors affect somatic (physical) function |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiovascular disease involving blockage of blood circulation to the extremities, with resultant pain and cold sensation in the hands and feet |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the casual influences in the development of a medical condition, we frequently abuse our bodies through a variety of risky behaviors like smoking, drug abuse, and other risky behaviors that may result in disease or damage to the body |
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Term
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Definition
Compliance is a crucial determinant of the treatment outcome of any medical
condition. Poor treatment compliance may affect the therapeutic alliance;
create skepticism in both therapist and patient; create resistance; worsen the
disease or the prognosis; and increase health care costs (Osterberg
and Blaschke, 2005). Unfortunately, poor treatment
compliance is often associated with blame, and noncompliant patients are
sometimes punished with involuntary administrative discharge from treatment.
There are multiple indicators of treatment compliance that can be measured
using direct or indirect methods. Among the direct methods, investigators and
clinicians have used actual attendance to therapy sessions, direct observation
or video-recording of sessions, measurement of medication blood levels,
surrogate markers of medication, or expected changes in laboratory values. The
indirect methods include self-reported compliance, pill counts, evidence or
absence of expected side effects, and electronic monitoring devices.
Unfortunately, the direct methods are expensive, and the indirect ones can be
subject to biases.
In psychiatry, treatment compliance may be affected by factors associated
with the therapist's characteristics, the service, the nature of the treatment
and the patient's idiosyncrasies. The therapist may not adhere to the
recommended treatment guidelines or the therapy manual. The services may affect
compliance if they are hard to access or have long wait times, long lapses
between appointments or complex administrative procedures. Treatments that
involve complex procedures, are hard to follow, have unpleasant side effects,
take a while to produce the desired effect, and are either unavailable or
difficult to access may increase the chances of poor compliance. The
characteristics of the patient, such as the presence of comorbid
mental illness and substance use disorders (SUDs),
can greatly affect treatment compliance. |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive competitiveness, time-pressured impatience, accelerated speech, and anger, originally thought to promote high risk for heart disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| relaxed attitude, indifference to time pressure, less forceful ambition, originally thought to promote low risk for heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter, pervasive throughout the nervous system, contributes to movement, arousal, attention, and memory, a deficiency of this is found in people with Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize and name objects, one of th most familiar symptoms of dementia |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize even familiar faces, can be very distressing to family members, symptom of dementia |
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Term
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Definition
| deterioration in the ability to transfer information from short-to long-term memory, in the absence of other dementia symptoms, result of head trauma or drug abuse, dysfunction in ability to recall recent and past events, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, focus is on memory in this disorder, memories before onset of the disorder remain intact |
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Term
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Definition
| solid and waxy substance forming the core of the amyloid plaque characteristic of people with Alzheimer's disease, |
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Term
|
Definition
| impairment or loss of language skills resulting from brain damage caused by stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or other illness or trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
| a normal, genetically regulated process leading to the death of cells and triggered by the presence or absence of certain stimuli, as DNA damage |
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Term
|
Definition
| slowed body movements that occur in Parkinson's disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| motor problems characterized by involuntary limb movements as in Huntington's disease |
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Term
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
|
Definition
| extremely rare condition that causes dementia, one in one million |
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Term
|
Definition
| rapid-onset reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition, with confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language, consequence of acute injury, intense and short-lived, functions are turned on inappropriately, people act crazy, hallucinations |
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Term
|
Definition
| gradual-onset deterioration of brain functioning, involving memory loss, inability to recognize objects or faces, and problems in planning and abstract reasoning, associated with frustration and discouragement, caused by several medical conditions and drug or alcohol abuse |
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Term
| Dementia of Alzheimer's Type (DAT) |
|
Definition
| First described by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer in 1907, "strange disease of the cerebral cortex" which manifested as progressive memory impairment and suspiciousness, "atypical form of senile dementia", DSM diagnosis criteria includes multiple cognitive deficits that develop gradually and steadily, predominant are impairment of memory, orientation, judgment, and reasoning, inability to integrate new information results in failure to learn new associations, forget about important events and lose objects, interest in non routine activity declines, lose interest in others, become socially isolated, become agitated, confused, depressed, anxious, competitive and violent, happens a lot of times late in the day referred to as "sundowner syndrome", catholic nun study has "idea density" theory that says people with elaborate thought and writing patterns develop it less, slow during early stages and more raped during middle stages, survival time is about 8 years, usually appears during 60s or 70s, half of dementia cases are Alzheimer's disease, afflicts 5 million Americans, may occur more in people who are poorly educated, intellectual achievement delays or prevents some of the symptoms, but these people also decline faster once symptoms start to occur, more prevalent in women, may be connected to estrogen hormone which declines as women age, giving women estrogen increased their risk for the disease, found in roughly the same numbers among all ethnic groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| amyloid plaque, cluster of dead neurons found in brains of people with Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain damage in the form of large numbers of strandlike filaments found during autopsy in people with Alzheimer's disease |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| rare neurological condition that occurs in 5% of people with dementia, produces a cortical dementia similar to that of Alzheimer's disease, lasts from 5 to 10 years, occurs relatively early in life during 40s or 50s and considered presenile dementia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| after 60 years of age, in the 60s or 70s, most cases of Alzheimer's disease occur during this age |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurring between 40 ands and 50s, less common, genetic factors, chromosome 21 |
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Term
|
Definition
| disease affecting the inner areas of the brain below the cortex, different from Alzheimer's disease in that it involves impaired recall but normal recognition, more severe depression and anxiety, slowed motions, and impaired coordination but no aphasia |
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Term
|
Definition
| progressive brain disorder involving loss of cognitive functioning caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain, appears concurrently with other neurological signs and symptoms, consequence of stroke, vascular refers to blood vessels, profile of degeneration differs from person to person since the site damage varies, abnormalities in walking, weakness in limbs, slightly higher risk in men |
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Term
| Anatomically correct dolls |
|
Definition
| controversial practice of using dolls to help children describe abuse, dolls have primary and secondary sexual characteristics, research shows that children known to have been abused are more likely to engage in sexual play with the dolls that do non-abused children, but the dolls themselves also lead to descriptions or spontaneous play even when there is no abuse history |
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Term
| Autogynephilic transsexualism |
|
Definition
| subgroup of male-to-female transsexuals that are not feminine in behavior and may report sexual attraction to men, women, both, or neither, are driven by the arousal they feel at the thought of being a woman |
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Term
|
Definition
| learned negative reaction to or attitude about sexual activity, perhaps developed as a result of a negative or even traumatic event such as rape |
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Term
|
Definition
| sexual paraphilia disorder where a person gets sexual arousal and gratification by exposing genitals to unsuspecting strangers, a lot of times children, the shock factor is necessary, associated with lower levels of education, behavior must be repeated and compulsive to be diagnosed |
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Term
|
Definition
| issue that arises when trying to uncover sexual abuse history, claims of repressed memories, when "false"memories are recovered |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to reach orgasm in females, most common complaint among women who seek therapy for sexual problems, 25% of women report significantly difficulty reaching orgasm, equally present in different age groups but 1.5 more common in unmarried women, 20% of all women experience orgasms during sexual intercourse so it's important to determine the "never or almost never" women |
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|
Term
| Female sexual arousal disorder |
|
Definition
| no problem with arousal, problem is in physical arousal, cannot achieve or maintain adequate lubrication, derogatory term of frigidity, can compensate by using commercial lubricant, arousal and lubrication may decrease at any time during life, many women do not consider absence of arousal a problem or disorder so they don't present the problem, about 14% prevalence in U.S. |
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Term
|
Definition
| paraphilia sexual disorder, person is sexually attracted to nonliving objects, tons of different kinds, women's undergarments and shoes are popular, source of arousal is either an inanimate object or a source of specific tactile stimulation such as rubber or plastic, common for urologists to remove objects stuck in men's penis's, more common in men |
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Term
|
Definition
| paraphilia sexual disorder, more common in men, sexual pleasure and gratification is derived from rubbing pelvic area or genitals on a mother un-consenting person |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a person's physical gender is not consistent with the person's sense of identity, they feel trapped in a body of the wrong sex, transsexualism, primary goal is not sexual gratification but to live openly as the other gender, no physical abnormalities, independent of sexual arousal patterns, rare disorder and more common in males, biological predisposition is present, genetic contribution of 62%, may be higher levels of estrogen or testosterone during periods of development, structural difference in brains, identify firms up between 18 months and 3 years of age and is relatively fixed, more concerning for boys for parents, sex reassignment surgery |
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|
Term
| Homosexual transsexualism |
|
Definition
| gender identity disorder, part of male-to-female subgroup where feminine gay men want to change their sex and have sex with males |
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Term
|
Definition
| paraphilia sexual disorder, sexual abuse that occurs with person's family or relatives, victims tend to be girls who are physically maturing, common in men, incestuous males are more aroused by adult women, may have more to do with availability and interpersonal issues ongoing in the family, usually does not include physical abuse, form of pedophilia, often father toward daughter who is maturing physically, man can feel deep sorrow and depression for actions |
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Term
|
Definition
| orgasm disorder, rare in men, inability to achieve orgasm despite adequate sexual desire and arousal, common in women |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sexual arousal disorder, no problem with sex drive and desire, difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection, impotence, males feel very impaired by this problem as it can make intercourse impossible, this tends to happen with age, it is unusual for a man to be completely unable to have an erection, prevalence is very high, 60% of men 60 and over suffer from it around the world, some impairment in 40% of 40s and 70% in 70s, most common problem men seek help for, accounts for 50% or more of men in sex clinics, |
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Term
|
Definition
| 8% of men report delayed orgasms or none during sexual interactions, men seldom seek treatment for this, in many cases men reach climax through other forms of stimulation including masturbation, accommodated by couples, |
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Term
|
Definition
| paraphilia disorder, achieving sexual pleasure from experiencing pain, humiliation, etc, |
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Term
|
Definition
| intervention to help strengthen appropriate patterns of arousal, psychological treatment for paraphilia sexual disorders, patients are instructed to masturbate to their usual fantasies but to substitute more desirable ones just before ejaculation, with repeated practice patients should be able to begin the desired fantasy earlier in the masturbatory process and still retain their arousal, has been used with some success, Gerald Davison, patient must be provided with coping skills to prevent relapse |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual deviation, sexual arousal occurs primarily in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals, para means abnormal and philia means strong attraction, arousal patterns tend to be narrow, most individuals have more than one pattern of paraphilia sexual arousal, people with paraphilia last often have mood, anxiety or substance abuse disorders, |
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Term
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Definition
| paraphilia sexual disorder, sexual attraction to young children or young adolescents, 90% of abusers are male, child pornography one of best diagnostic tools, most do not physically abuse child, think they are being loving, never think of mental damage to child, |
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Term
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Definition
| brief period that occurs before orgasm, happens at end of arousal stage, |
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Term
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Definition
| orgasmic disorder that occurs in males, ejaculation happens well before the man and his partner wish it to, 21% of men in U.S. have it, most common male sexual dysfunction, 1.8 minutes after penetration compared to 7.3 minutes of men without complaint, hard to define "premature", perceived lack of control over orgasm may be the more important mental determinant, happens mostly in inexperienced men with less education about sex |
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Term
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Definition
| phase after orgasm when there is a decrease in arousal, particularly in men, the final stage |
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Term
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Definition
| happens in cases with sexual abuse, there are issues when sexual abuse claims arise from repressed memories which overtime may be restored, these restored repressed memories are called recovered memories |
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Term
| Repressed memory syndrome |
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Definition
| includes dissociation and is often used to explain a lot of adult psychopathologies, has led to some false recoveries of memories, happens with sexual abuse cases |
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Term
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Definition
| paraphilia, achieving sexual pleasure from inflicting pain or humiliations on another person, severeness of cruelty can vary greatly, common in men |
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Term
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Definition
| sex therapy in which couples concentrate on pleasurable sensations from caressing and fondling, intercourse is forbidden to prevent focus on sexual performance and the anxiety it may provide |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common form of treatment for people who suffer from gender identity disorder, altering anatomy physically to be consistent with the identity, to qualify for surgery at a reputable clinic one must live in the opposite-sex role for 1 to 2 years, have to be psychologically, financially, and socially stable, hormones are administered, facial hair is removed, genital surgery is more difficult and complex in biological females, 75% of patients satisfied, female-to-male patients adjust better, 7% regret getting surgery, 2% attempt suicide after surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| three stages of sexual response cycle are desire, arousal, and orgasm and are each associated with specific sexual dysfunctions, pain or dyspareunia can become associated with sexual dysfunction, they can be due to psychological factors or combined with a general medical condition, summits sexual dysfunctions don't detract from overall sexual satisfaction, |
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Term
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Definition
| dyspareunia, sexual dysfunction, intercourse is associated with marked pain, sexual desire is present and arousal and orgasm are attained, Greek term means "unhappily mated as bedfellows", diagnosed only if no medical reasons for pain can be found, rarely seen in clinics, more common in women, more common in younger and less educated women |
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Term
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Definition
| old term for gender identity disorder, dissatisfaction with biological gender, primary goal is not sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| paraphilia, a person who is sexually aroused by wearing clothing of the opposite sex, mostly men |
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Term
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Definition
| recurring involuntary muscle spasms in the outer third of the vagina that interfere with sexual intercourse |
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Term
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Definition
| paraphilia, a person who receives sexual arousal through secretly viewing others, called "peeping Toms", mostly men who view women, excitement of being caught heightens the arousal, many of these men have intense insecurities about their status with women or have a history of rejection, makes it safer for them because no chance of rejection |
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Term
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Definition
| informal term for substance dependence, maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use, and substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects |
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Term
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Definition
| agonist treatment used to treat substance-related disorders, agonist substitution method involves giving a person a safe drug that has a similar chemical makeup to the addictive drug, an example is using methadone as an opiate agonist for heroine, addiction to cigarette smoking is treated this way also |
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Term
| Alcohol amnestic disorder (Korsakoff's psychosis) |
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Definition
| Wernicke-Korsakof syndrome, organic brain syndrome that results from long-term heavy alcohol use, confusion, loss of muscle coordination, unintelligible speech, caused by thiamine deficiency because it is a vitamin poorly metabolized by heavy drinkers, does not go away once the brain is damaged |
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Term
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Definition
| our physiological reaction to ingested substances, depends on which drug is taken, how much, and the person's individual biological reaction, commonly experienced as impaired judgment, mood changes, lowered motor ability |
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Term
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Definition
| initial effect is stimulation due to the inhibitory centers in the brain being depressed, with more drinking more areas of the brain are depressed which causes impaired motor coordination, slower reaction time, confusion, ability to make judgments is diminished, vision and hearing can be affected, food in stomach slows process, legal limit for driving is .10 |
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Term
| Alcohol withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens) |
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Definition
| the DTs, condition that can produce frightening hallucinations and body tremors, can be reduced with medical treatment, withdrawal symptom of heavy drinking |
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Term
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Definition
| most popular model for treatment of substance abuse, twelve steps program, established in 1935 by two alcoholic professionals, foundation is that alcoholism is a disease and alcoholics must acknowledge their addiction to alcohol and its destructive power over them, based on notion of higher power, established independence from medical community, freedom from stigmatization of alcoholism, reliance on prayer and belief in God, some people love it and some people hate it, trying to research its effectiveness has been difficult, can have positive outcomes fro highly motivated people |
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Term
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Definition
| alcohol is most commonly used and abused depressant substance, drinking is associated with socializing, historical drug of choice, about 1 in 10 drinkers develop alcohol dependence, develops slowly over years, heavy and younger drinkers have greater risk of developing it, significant impairment or distress as manifest by several symptoms such as tolerance, withdrawal, loss of control over drinking, excessive focus on alcohol, and giving up important activities because of alcohol primary risk factor is use |
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Term
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Definition
| drug treatment for alcohol dependence, while it is in the body it causes violent nausea and vomiting if the person ingests alcohol, may not be very effective since patient knows it causes sickness so they will discontinue use of it if they want to drink |
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Term
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Definition
| happens when a person is dependent on a substance and requires increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect, part of addiction definition |
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Term
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Definition
| when a person responds in a physically negative way when they stop taking substances, part of addiction definition, |
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Term
| Amphetamine use disorders |
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Definition
| stimulants, low doses bring on elations and vigor, reduce fatigue, make you feel up, come back down and crash and feel depressed or tired, manufactured in a laboratory, Adolph Hitler addicted to them, prescribed for people with narcolepsy, intoxication includes significant behavioral symptoms like euphoria, lack of emotional expression, changes in sociability, anxiety, tension, anger, impaired judgment, heart rate and blood pressure changes, designer drugs, crystal meth or ice, stimulate the central nervous system by enhancing activity of norepinephrine and dopamine, |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosocial treatment for substance-related disorders, creates negative associations with drug use, uses a conditioning model, substance is paired with something extremely unpleasant, negative associations can be made from imagining unpleasant scenes called covert sensitization |
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Term
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Definition
| depressants, family of sedative drugs first made in Germany in 1882, prescribed to help people sleep, widely prescribed in 1930s and 1940s before it was known how addictive they were, among most abused drugs by adults in U.S. in 1950s |
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Term
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Definition
| phenomenon caused by the intake of any substance or medication in which short term and long term memory creation is impaired, therefore causing a complete inability to recall the past, alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific name for Marijuana, categorized under hallucinogens, most routinely used illegal substance, grows wild in parts of the world, "weed", people who smoke it experience altered perceptions of the world, can cause mood swings, heightened sensory experiences, produces different reactions in people, paranoia, hallucinations, dizziness, high schoolers who smoke get lower grades and are less likely to graduate, recent use can cause impairments in memory, concentration, relationships, employment, tolerance is reached for some with chronic and heavy use, but there is also "reverse tolerance", smoke contains carcinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the four stage model of progression of alcohol by Jellinek where the primary daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol, fourth and final stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychosocial treatment for alcoholism, opposite of AA approaches that teach total abstinence, very controversial, widely accepted in UK, at least as effective as abstinence, people are allowed to drink a controlled amount |
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Term
|
Definition
| primarily decrease central nervous system activity, reduce our levels of physiological arousal, help us relax, alcohol, sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs, drugs prescribed for insomnia, these substances are among those most likely to produce symptoms of physical dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal, most commonly used depressant is alcohol |
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Term
| Disease model of dependence |
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Definition
| suggests that alcoholics are different from other people and have no control over their drinking, many researchers believe this disease concept doesn't fit alcoholism doesn't fit very well, this model helps in removing stigma from alcoholism and helping them recognize the need for abstinence, Jellinek described a deteriorating course for alcoholism that includes prealcoholic stage, prodomal stage, crucial stage, and a chronic stage |
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Term
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Definition
| people's response to a substance on the basis of their beliefs about it, even if it contains no active ingredient, this phenomenon demonstrates that cognitive,a s well as physiological, factors are involved in drug reaction and dependance, people are more likely to engage in substance use if they believe it will make them happy or cool in kids |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when some women heavily drink during pregnancy, pattern of problems including learning difficulties, behavior deficits, and characteristic physical flaws of fetal growth retardation, cognitive deficits, skin folds in corners of eyes, low nasal bridge, short nose, small head circumference, small mid face, think upper lip, African americans and Indians are at greater risk than white women |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoactive substance that can produce delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and altered sensory perception, alter mood or behavior, change the way the user perceives the world, marijuana, LSD |
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Term
| Impulse control disorders |
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Definition
| intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania, pathological gambling, trichotillomania, a person acts on an irresistible, but potentially harmful impulse, often the person experiences increasing tension leading up to the act and even pleasurable anticipation |
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Term
| Mesocorticolimbic pathway |
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Definition
| most important reward pathway in the brain, dopamine pathway, pleasure, associated with all substance abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| opiate agonist used to treat heroin addiction, initially provides analgesic and sedative effects but after extended use the effects diminish and tolerance develops, life long dependence can develop, effective treatment when combined with counseling |
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Term
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Definition
| major effect is to produce analgesia(reduce pain) and euphoria, powerful and effective medications, addiction can occur rapidly, induce sleep, natural chemicals in the opium poppy, we have natural ones in the brain called enkephalins and endorphins, slowed breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| explanation of drug tolerance and dependance suggesting that when a person experiences positive feelings these will be followed shortly by negative feelings and vice versa, eventually the motivation for drug taking shifts form a desire for the euphoric high to a need to relieve the increasingly unpleasant feelings that follow drug use, a vicious cycle develops where the drug makes that makes a person feel terrible is the one thing that can eliminate the pain |
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Term
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Definition
| when a person is physiologically dependent on drugs, experiences tolerance, and will experience withdrawal with attempts to quit using, dependence can be present without abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| no tolerance or withdrawal, drug seeking behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of negative reinforcement used to describe why substance abuse occurs, drugs help reduce unpleasant feelings through negative reinforcement, many people use drugs to escape from unpleasant things in their lives, |
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Term
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Definition
| part of psychological model for causes of substance abuse, most widely accepted, it says that substances reduce tension and stress which reinforces the behavior, those under high stress or those that experience the greatest reduction are at greatest risk for developing an addiction, doesn't explain why some people develop an addiction and others don't |
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Term
|
Definition
| make us more alert and active, elevate our mood, most commonly used, addictive, amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, |
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Term
| Behavioral inhibition system |
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Definition
| brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety, neurobiological influence for antisocial personality disorder, responsible for our ability to stop or slow down when we are faced with impending punishment, non reward, or novel situations, activation of this system leads to anxiety and frustration, thought to be located in the septohippocampal system an involves the noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, an imbalance between the BIS and the reward system may make the fear and anxiety produced by the BIS less apparent and the positive feelings associated with the reward system more prominent, may explain why psychopaths aren't anxious about committing the antisocial acts that character their disorder, Jeffrey Gray's model of brain functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| children who engage in behaviors that violate society's norms, mostly in boys, many children with conduct disorder become juvenile offenders and tend to become involved with drugs, young children who display antisocial behavior are likely to continue these behaviors as they grow older, many adults with antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy had conduct disorder as children, likelihood increases if child had conduct disorder and ADHD, lack of remorse is included under antisocial personality disorder but not in conduct disorder criteria because some children with conduct disorder feel remorseful about their behavior |
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Term
| Five-factor model of personality |
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Definition
| neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientious |
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Term
| Oppositional defiant disorder |
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Definition
| disorder diagnosed in children, overlaps with symptoms of ADHD, often loses temper, argues with adults, deliberately annoys people, easily annoyed by others, spiteful and vindictive |
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Term
| Passive avoidance learning |
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Definition
| psychopaths are deficient in the ability to learn from punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| non DSM category, similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis on overt behavior, superficial charm, lack of remorse, personality type reflecting lack of conscience development and excessive focus on one's own desires, characteristics focused on personality traits, many criminals are psychopaths but most are not, can manage to stay out of trouble with the law, predicts important outcomes, Cleckley originally developed 16 traits for psychopaths and later Hare added on to make it 20, some of them are prone to being bored and the need for stimulation, manipulative, lack of remorse, pathological lying, criminal acts decline around age 40 |
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Term
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Definition
| psychopaths operate at low levels of autonomic arousal and are less reactive to a wide variety of arousing stimuli, they show emotional deficits to violent images and threatening stimuli, because of this they are sensation-seeking as a way of compensating, they get bored easily and are prone to engage in risky behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| old term for antisocial personality disorder, it included alcohol and drug abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| personality traits, psychopathic personality defined by Cleckley, 16 major characteristics of psychopaths, harder to decide if someone has a specific trait than to note if they engage in behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| one hypothesis for causes of antisocial personality disorder, psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal which accounts for their antisocial and risk-taking behaviors, they seek stimulation to boost their chronically low levels of arousal |
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Term
|
Definition
| The psychopath cannot delay gratification. He wants everything and wants it now. His whims, urges, catering to his needs, and the satisfaction of his drives take precedence over the needs, preferences, and emotions of even his nearest and dearest. |
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Term
| Cluster A personality disorders |
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Definition
| odd or eccentric, paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder |
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Term
| Cluster B personality disorders |
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Definition
| dramatic, emotional, erratic, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder |
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Term
| Cluster C personality disorders |
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Definition
| anxious, fearful, avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder |
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Term
| Additional personality disorders |
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Definition
| proposed as not yet ready for inclusion, depressive personality disorder, passive-aggressive personality disorder |
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Term
| Paranoid personality disorder |
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Definition
| The essential feature is a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness. Typically, one interprets the motives of others as intended to harm, exploit, or deceive. |
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Term
| Schizoid personality disorder |
|
Definition
| These individuals have little interest in others and are typically withdrawn, socially awkward, and aloof. Their interpersonal manner is odd or eccentric. |
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Term
| schizotypal personality disorder |
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Definition
| The primary feature of this disorder is oddness of thinking. Paul Meehl referred to this as “cognitive slippage,” suggesting that the normal, logical thought processes slip, resulting in illogical thought and belief that has an odd quality. It is often manifest in magical beliefs that ignore normal rules of cause and effect. These persons may also show a schizoid interpersonal pattern. |
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Term
| Borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| This disorder involves a pervasive pattern of interpersonal instability, inconsistent self-image, tumultuous emotion, and impulsivity. These individuals often make frantic attempts to avoid abandonment, and vacillate in their mood and the way they feel and act towards others. |
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Term
| Narcissistic personality disorder |
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Definition
| Narcissists are excessively focused on self. They tend to have grand ideas about themselves, need admiration, and lack empathy for others. They act with a sense of entitlement, and have little insight into why others don’t give them everything they want. However, this grand sense of self is fragile, masking poor self-esteem. |
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Term
| Antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| The essential feature is a pervasive disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. It begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. It is often manifest in criminal behavior, also includes other selfish, damaging behavior, such as lying, impulsivity, extreme irresponsibility, and disregard for safety. |
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Term
| Histrionic personality disorder |
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Definition
| These persons tend toward an excessively emotional and dramatic style, engage in exaggerated attention-seeking and are superficial in relationships. They tend to emphasize manipulative ways of relating, such as seductiveness, appearance, and exaggerated emotion. |
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Term
| Avoidant personality disorder |
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Definition
| The essential features are social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. These persons have an anxious manner, worry easily, and tend to avoid social situations out of fear of rejection. |
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Term
| dependent personality disorder |
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Definition
| There is an excessive need to be taken care of that results in a submissive style and clinging to others. They feel inadequate and focus much of their efforts on eliciting care giving from others. Fear of rejection leads to passivity. |
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Term
| dependent personality disorder |
|
Definition
| There is an excessive need to be taken care of that results in a submissive style and clinging to others. They feel inadequate and focus much of their efforts on eliciting care giving from others. Fear of rejection leads to passivity. |
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Term
| dependent personality disorder |
|
Definition
| There is an excessive need to be taken care of that results in a submissive style and clinging to others. They feel inadequate and focus much of their efforts on eliciting care giving from others. Fear of rejection leads to passivity. |
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Term
| dependent personality disorder |
|
Definition
| There is an excessive need to be taken care of that results in a submissive style and clinging to others. They feel inadequate and focus much of their efforts on eliciting care giving from others. Fear of rejection leads to passivity. |
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Term
| Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder |
|
Definition
| These persons are preoccupied with detail, control, and perfectionism, at the expense of flexibility and efficiency. They have trouble finishing projects, and often lose the “big picture.” The interpersonal manner is often distant, halting, and anxious. |
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Term
| Depressive personality disorder |
|
Definition
| Their mood is predominately cheerless and unhappy. They tend towards depressive thought and worrying, have low self-esteem, frequently feel guilty, and tend to be pessimistic, negative, and critical of others. |
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Term
| Passive-aggressive personality disorder |
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Definition
| These persons tend towards negative social attitudes which are expressed in indirect, passive ways. They may feel substantial hostility and anger, but act as if they do not, instead expressing such feelings through chronic lateness, failing to complete important tasks, and blaming others. |
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Term
| Adoptees' relatives method |
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Definition
| in the adoptees' relatives method, the biological relatives of schizophrenic index adoptees are compared with the biological relatives of non-schizophrenic control adoptees. A Danish study found that the relatives not only have more frequent typical, narrowly defined schizophrenia but also have more 'latent', non-psychotic forms of the illness. Thus, the adoption studies of schizophrenia are proving valuable in establishing the significance of both genetic and environmental contributions to the illness and in clarifying the diagnostic criteria for a genetically relevant syndrome |
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Term
|
Definition
| without words, absence of speech, respond with brief replies that have little context or appear uninterested, negative thought disorder, schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| lack of pleasure, negative symptom of schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| hearing things that aren't there, most common form of hallucination experienced by people with schizophrenia, positive symptom |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation, experienced by people with schizophrenia, disorganized symptom |
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Term
| Cognitive slippage/disorganized speech |
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Definition
| part of disorganized symptoms for schizophrenia, communication problems such as incoherence and lack of flow or logic |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive symptom of schizophrenia, disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality, |
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Term
|
Definition
| Latin term meaning "premature loss of mind", early able for schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder's frequent appearance during adolescence, Kraepelin |
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Term
| Derailment/loose associations |
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Definition
| deficits in logical continuity of speech with abrupt movement between ideas, characteristic of schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of schizophrenia where people show marked disruption in their speech and behavior, flat or inappropriate affect, self-absorbed, chronic and early problems, lacking remissions |
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Term
| Double blind communication |
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Definition
| the practice of transmitting conflicting messages, was thought to cause schizophrenia but is now an unsupported theory |
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Term
|
Definition
| schizophrenics with families with high expressed emotion tend to relapse, includes criticism/disapproval, hostility/animosity, and emotional over involvement/intrusiveness |
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Term
|
Definition
| reason for noncompliance in taking antipsychotic medication in people with schizophrenia, negative serious side effects including motor difficulties similar to those of Parkinson's disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| negative symptom of schizophrenia, no emotion is shown when you would expect to see it |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia, the experience of sensory events without any input from the surrounding environment, can involve any of the senses |
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Term
|
Definition
| displayed in people with schizophrenia, laughing or crying at improper times, disorganized symptom |
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Term
|
Definition
| extrapyramidal symptom which involves involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or jaw and can include protrusions of the tongue, puffing of the cheeks, puckering of the mouth, and chewing movements, side effect of long term high doses of antipsychotic medication, often irreversible |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of thought disorder that occurs in people with schizophrenia, impairment in reality testing where there is a failure to have valid sense of cause and effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| Kraepelin's description of part of the course of schizophrenia, includes gradual and subtle development and followed by a chronic course |
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Term
|
Definition
| observed to be larger in the majority of people with schizophrenia, not in everyone who has schizophrenia, enlargement indicates that adjacent parts of the brain either have not developed fully or have atrophied |
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Term
|
Definition
| medication that helped people with schizophrenia greatly in the 1950s, "taking hold of the nerves", provided the first real hope for people with schizophrenia, help people think more clearly and reduce hallucinations and delusions, work mostly on the positive symptoms, dopamine antagonists, effective with some people, |
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|
Term
| Good versus poor premorbid adjustment |
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Definition
| a way to subtype schizophrenia, focus is on adjustment prior to disorder, good reflects good adjustment and developmental progress prior to onset of illness whereas poor is the opposite |
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Term
|
Definition
| people's irrational beliefs that they are especially important or that other people are seeking to do them harm |
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|
Term
| Paranoid versus nonparanoid |
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Definition
| a subtype of schizophrenia, focus is on manifestation, includes those with florid symptoms, especially active and elaborate delusions |
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|
Term
| Positive versus negative symptoms |
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Definition
| most popular approach to sub typing schizophrenia, focus is on symptoms, positive are those that are "added on" to normal functioning like hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and agitation, negative symptoms are "subtracted from" normal functioning like apathy, confusion, anhedonia, flat affect, poverty of speech, and attentional impairment |
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|
Term
| Process versus reactive onset |
|
Definition
| focus on onset of schizophrenia, process means gradual but unrelenting, Emil Kraepelin, reactive means more sudden and more likely as a response to negative outside events, |
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Term
|
Definition
| sever psychological disorder, includes schizophrenia, features delusions and hallucinations |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person with schizophrenia and a mood disorder, people tend to not get better on their own, delusions and hallucinations |
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|
Term
| Schizoid personality disorder |
|
Definition
| Cluster A, odd or eccentric, personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions |
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|
Term
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorders |
|
Definition
| theory where schizotypy leads to a more general vulnerability |
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Term
|
Definition
| having the genetic predisposition for schizophrenia, part of Meehl's diatheses-stressor model of schizophrenia where those with the neural defect learn in atypical ways, creating a personality/thinking pattern called schizotypy, schizotaxic individuals became schizotypic, personality characterized by four core traits, meaning all schizotypic people would have them, cognitive slippage, anhedonia, interpersonal aversiveness, ambivalence |
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|
Term
| Schizophreniform disorder |
|
Definition
| psychotic disorder where symptoms disappear and the person can resume a normal life, confusion is at the height of the psychotic episode, absence of blunted or flat affect, good premorbid social and occupational functioning |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a term that was used to describe a mother whose cold, dominant, and rejecting nature was thought to cause schizophrenia in her children, a no longer supported theory |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of Meehl's diathesis-stressor model of schizophrenia where the required genetic defect results in a neural defect |
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|
Term
| Shared psychotic disorder (folie a deux) |
|
Definition
| when a person develops delusions simply as a result of a close relationship with a delusional person |
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Term
|
Definition
refers to impairment in goal-directed thought such as problem solving, speech, and reasoning
examples are concrete thinking, poverty of thought, confusion, inattention/distraction, magical thinking, loose associations, disordered speech, idiosyncrasy |
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|
Term
| Undifferentiated schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| schizophrenia subtype of people who do not fit neatly into other subtypes, people who have major symptoms of schizophrenia but who do not meet criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic |
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|
Term
| Smooth pursuit eye movement |
|
Definition
| ability to follow moving targets visually, deficits in this skill can be caused by a single gene whose location in known, problem associated with schizophrenia and may serve as a genetic marker for the disorder, also called eye-tracking |
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Term
|
Definition
| attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, one of the most common reasons kids are referred for mental health services in the U.S., pattern of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity, children with it are unpopular and rejected by peers, occurs in 3% to 7% of school-age kids in the U.S., 3 times more likely in boys, usually first identified between 3 and 4, common to be diagnosed with other disorder as well, highly influenced by genetics, biological treatment like medications/stimulants work very well for over 70% of patients |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves a significant impairment in the ability to engage in meaningful social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive stereotyped behaviors but without the severe delays in language or other cognitive skills found in autism, can be quite verbal, memorize weird facts, more interested in facts than people, more common in boys, genetic component for cause, average IQ, treatment uses a behavioral focus, inclusive schooling |
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Term
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Definition
| Children in the clinical groups were more often disorganized and less often securely attached. Severity of autism was associated with more attachment insecurity, and lower developmental level increased the chance for disorganized attachment. Attachment disorganization was related to increased heart rate during the SSP. Controlling for basal cortisol and developmental level, more autistic symptoms predicted lower cortisol responses to the SSP. The findings support the importance of disorganized attachment for children with autism |
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Term
| Autistic disorder (autism) |
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Definition
| severely impaired socialization and communication, restricted behavior, interests, and activities, symptoms almost always develop before 36 months, clear genetic component, brain damage may be cause combined with psychosocial influences, treatment is a behavioral focus on communication, socialization, and living skills, inclusive schooling, maybe temporary benefits form medication, pervasive and severe disorder, child is unresponsive to the world around them, preference for sameness, self-stimulation and repetition, preference for things over people, 1/3 never acquire speech, use echolalia, prevalence believed to be as high as 1 in 500, lower IQ's is associated with more autism in females, higher IQ is associated with being more common in males, language ability and IQ score are used for prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
| conditioning technique for enuresis (bed wetting) that helps kids wake up when they begin to urinate so they can go the bathroom, most kids are quickly conditioned to wake before wetting the bed, relapse rate is high |
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Term
| Childhood disintegrative disorder |
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Definition
| pervasive developmental disorder that involves severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a 2-4 year period of normal development, rare, evidence of neurological origin, behavioral treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| closely related to learning disorders, appear early in life with wide range of problems later on, includes stuttering, expressive language disorders, selective mutism, and tic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| The excessive and uncontrollable use of foul or obscene language, including words related to feces (bowel waste), common symptom of Tourette's disorder |
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Term
| Cultural-familial retardation |
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Definition
| people with intellectual disability that fall into the mild range, thought to have cognitive impairments that result from a combination of psychosocial and biological influences, cultural influences that might contribute to this condition include abuse, neglect, and social deprivation |
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Term
| Disorder of written expression |
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Definition
| learning disorder where achievement in performance in writing is lower than expected |
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Term
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Definition
| intellectual disability, most common chromosomal form of intellectual disability, "mongoloid" because they looked like people from Mongolia, caused by presence of extra 21st chromosome, trisomy 21, greater risk for developing Alzheimer's dementia, usually have congenital heart defects, incidence has been tied to maternal age, |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem with word recognition, difficulty decoding single words, learning disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating the speech of others, occurs in children with autism and children without disorders as a part of normal development of language |
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Term
| Educable intellectual disability |
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Definition
| part of the method for classification of intellectual disability used in educational system, based on IQ of 50 to 70-75, comparable to mild intellectual disability |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrolled wetting beyond when most kids have stopped (about5), usually manifests in bed wetting while asleep, more common in girls, most kids outgrow it, psychological component and is made worse during stressful periods, children are deep sleepers so bladder being full doesn't wake them, treatment is conditioning techniques like using bell pad |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitive failure to recognize the need for bowel elimination in bathroom before sibling or leaking occurs, less common than enuresis, more common in males, try to get these kids to regularly have to poop with schedules or laxatives to minimize need to focus on cues |
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Term
| Expressive language disorder |
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Definition
| communication disorder, limited speech in all situations, more common in boys, parents may not speak enough to them, middle ear infection, self-correcting and may not need intervention |
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Term
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Definition
| stunted physical growth and maturation in children, often associated with psychological factors such as lack of love and nurturing |
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Term
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Definition
| second most common chromosomal related cause of intellectual disability, caused by an abnormality on the X chromosome where tip of it looks like it's hanging by a thread, mostly affects males, women who carry it display mild to severe learning disabilities, men have higher rates of hyperactivity, short attention spans, gaze avoidance, and perseverative speech or repeat the same words, large ears and heads |
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Term
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Definition
| second type of symptom of ADHD which includes fidgeting, having trouble sitting for any length of time, always being on the go |
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Term
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Definition
| when reading, math, and written expression fall behind IQ, age, and education, may also be accompanied by ADHD, prevalence of 5%-10%, more likely to drop out of school, more likely to be unemployed, more likely to attempt suicide and have suicidal thoughts, education intervention for treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| intense preference for things to say the same as displayed by people with autism, |
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Term
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Definition
| specific learning disorder where achievement is below expected in mathematics |
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Term
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Definition
| evident in childhood, must be diagnosed before 18, significantly below average intellectual and adaptive functioning, these people have received the worst treatment throughout history, language and communication skills are often most obvious, difficulty in learning, included on Axis II of DSM with personality disorders because it is chronic and affects any Axis I disorder, person must have significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, this is determined with IQ, mild IQ 50-70, moderate IQ 35-55, severe IQ 20-40, profound IQ below 20-25, 90% of people with intellectual disability have a mild case, hundreds of known causes, nearly 75% cannot be attributed to any known cause, behavioral treatment similar to autism, prevention |
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Term
| Pervasive developmental disorders |
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Definition
| people who experience problems with language, socialization, and cognition, pervasive means individuals are significantly affected, includes autism, Asperger's disorder, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, treatment has a behavioral focus |
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Term
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Definition
| most common learning disorder, occurs in 4% to 10% of population, boys and girls may equally be affected |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding what someone is saying to you, usually average in people with expressive language disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Pervasive developmental disorder, mostly found in girls, progressive neurological disorder after apparent normal early development, mental retardation, deteriorating motor skills, constant hand-wringing, rare, mutation of gene on X chromosome responsible for 80% of cases, treatment focused on self-help and communication skills and reducing problem behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| specific stimulant medication used to treat people with ADHD, most common amphetamine medication used, short-acting, helps kids to focus and control behavior better, best treatment, stimulates the under-activated attentional centers of the brain, can be abused for elation and reducing fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| communication disorder where there is failure to speak in specific situations like school, ability to speak is there, most often in 5-7 year olds, more common in girls, happens in less than 1%, anxiety is possible cause, contingency management used as treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| communication disorder, involuntary motor movements such as physical twitches or vocalizations, psychological and pharmacological treatments, up to 20% show some signs, usually before age 14, probably caused by many genetic influences, psychological treatment like self-monitoring, pharmacological treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| form of Tic disorder where the tics are usually involuntary repetition of obscenities |
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Term
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Definition
| legal proceedings that determine a person is mentally disordered and may be hospitalized, even involuntarily, conditions are person has a mental illness, person is dangerous to himself or others, person is unable to care for himself called grave disability |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the guidelines for clinical practice, a thorough consideration of the scientific evidence to determine whether the intervention in question is effective |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned with the effectiveness of the intervention in the practice setting in which it is to be applied, regardless of research evidence on its efficacy, will an intervention with proven efficacy in a research setting also be effective in the various clinical settings where the interventions are most often applied?, is it feasible and cost-effective?, axis concerned with external validity |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of legal defendants to participate in their own defense and understand the charges and the roles of the trial participants, people determined to be incompetent loses authority to make decisions and faces commitment, most people with obvious and severe impairments who commit crimes are never tried, length of stay of committed persons is how long it takes for them to gain competence |
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Term
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Definition
| legal procedure by which a person found not guilty of a crime by reason of insanity must be confined in a psychiatric hospital, or when a person is waiting to see if they are competent and therefore detained |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to violence that, contrary to popular opinion, is not more likely among mental patients except those with hallucinations or delusions, used as part of civil commitment, includes harm to self or others, clinicians cannot predict with certainty whether a particular person will or will not become violent |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of people with severe mental illness out of institutions in the 1980s, had the two main goals of close the large state mental hospitals and create a network of community mental health centers where the released individuals could be treated, not successful |
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Term
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Definition
| people's ability to understand the nature of their behavior and therefore their criminal intent can be diminished by they rental illness, part of factors in the insanity defense |
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Term
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Definition
| mental health professional's responsibility to break confidentiality and notify the potential victim whom a client has specifically threatened |
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Term
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Definition
| judges and juries often rely on them for help in making decisions, individuals who have specialized knowledge, they can make predictions of dangerousness over short term of 2 to 20 days but not long term, give help in assigning a diagnosis, experts are good at identifying malingering or faking and in assessing competence, |
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Term
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Definition
| ethical requirement whereby research subjects agree to participate in a study only after they receive full disclosure about the nature of the study and their own role in it, must be informed of risks and benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| legal rather than psychological or medical concept involving both a psychological disorder and an inability to know or appreciate the wrongfulness of criminal acts |
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Term
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Definition
| legal plea that a defendant should not be held responsible for a crime because that person was mentally ill at the time of the offense |
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Term
| Transinstitutionalization |
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Definition
| movement of people with severe mental illness from large psychiatric hospitals to smaller community group residences like nursing homes or jails or prisons, occurred in response to deinstitutionalization |
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Term
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Definition
| legal concept typically meaning severe emotional or thought disturbances that negatively affect an individual's health and safety, important for civil commitment, each state has it's own definition, not the same as a psychological disorder diagnosis |
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